Accounting Client Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bookkeeping Client Response - Essay Example ng research issue’, guaranteeing opportune and refreshed data and news about the arrival of new bookkeeping guidelines to significant clients and mitigating the ‘risk of resistance with measures making the writing simpler to use’. (Web: fasb.org) It is advantageous to feature the reality after a broad examination on FASB codification that renting had a complete volume of worth US $760billion alone in 2007 (before downturn) however because of the intricacies of monetary announcing norms, a mammoth entirety of those rent contracts went unreported in budget summaries of different business substances. Maybe, the principle purpose for this was the way that leases were partitioned into two classifications, for example, Operating leases and Capital or Finance rents by IFRSs and US GAAP and bookkeepers perceived just the benefits and liabilities emerging from Capital leases’ in the company’s monetary record. Then again, ‘for a working lease the tenant basically perceived rent installments as a cost over the rent term’. This distinction in recording of rent contracts and their order prompted diverse specialized issues, for example, misjudging and confounding by bookkeeping clients who would in general accept that all rent contracts builds ‘assets and liabilities so they ought to be perceived in the fiscal summaries of residents and subsequently routinely balanced those sums in their monetary records to assess resources/liabilities impacts coming about because of working lease contracts.’ Secondly, the arrangement of agreements additionally came about in ‘similar exchanges being represented distinctively and diminishing equivalence for clients of bookkeeping information.’ And thirdly, the distinction in revealing the two sorts ‘provided chances to structure exchanges in order to accomplish a specific rent classification.’ (News Release, 2009) It was because of the above issues as characterized by FASB, it alongside IASB concocted another methodology in which order of

Botticellis Spring Essay Example For Students

Botticellis Spring Essay The renaissance was a period of brilliant workmanship, however one craftsman specifically stuck out, that was Sandro Botticelli. This man made the absolute most prestigious bits of workmanship in European history; one extraordinary artwork was Allegory of Spring. This legendary fine art was a stunning change from the regularity of past occasions. Botticellis Allegory of Spring, painted in 1482, is one of the most exceptional and bewildering bits of renaissance craftsmanship with the wondrous images, style, story of the piece and furthermore the fascinating history of Botticelli himself. Botticelli is viewed as perhaps the best craftsman of the Renaissance; probably the best work was Allegory of Spring. Botticelli, initially named Alessandro di Mariano Filiapepi, was conceived in Florence, Italy in 1445. He was nicknamed Botticelli; which means little barrel, this name was initially offered to his more seasoned sibling yet for reasons unknown gave to and received by his younger sibling 4:68. He was initial a student to a goldsmith, however at about age thirteen or fourteen he quit preparing and exchanged to painting. He was an understudy to Filippo Lippi. This keeps an eye on style framed a considerable lot of Botticellis early works. Botticelli additionally worked with painter and etcher Antonio del Pollaiuolo. Botticelli had his own workshop by 1470; there he went through the majority of his time on earth working for some incredible families in Florence at that point, particularly the Medici family. As one of the craftsman in the court of Lorenzo de Medici, he was enormously impacted by its Christian Neoplatonism 5:7. In light of this he attempted to accommodate old style and Christian perspectives. In spite of the fact that working for himself a ton he was likewise charged by numerous others. He joined Perugino, Ghirlandaio, and Rosselli from 1481 for one year to paint frescos for the Sistine Chapel. Botticelli worked with some noteworthy craftsman of the Florentine Renaissance, which would shape and change his style of painting. Botticellis works are viewed as a milestone of high renaissance. He made the absolute most prominent works of this time. His initial pieces were for the most part of the virgin and youngster 1:78. He initially became well known when in 1470 he was open authorized to paint Fortitude, which would be hung in the Trade law court in Florence. One of his first genuine achievements was the formation of the Adoration of the Magi, which he painted around 1473-1475. This work of art veered away from a portion of his prior increasingly sullen substance. This was one of the main pieces dispatched by the Medici family, who for this situation gave numerous rules for the youthful Botticelli to follow. Botticelli would proceed to paint Portrait of an obscure man with an emblem of Cosimo the Elder, in a similar timeframe 5:42. At that point he would make one of the most notable Allegory of Spring, very unique topic from times before with the originations of fanciful characters and a characterized plot. At that point in 1481 he went to Rome to deal with frescos of the Sistine Chapel requested by Pope Sixtus IV. After this he proceeded to make the sister painting to Allegory of Spring, Birth of Venus. Botticelli kept on making gallant gems depicting various stories and characters. He painted a variety of strict fine art just as pictures and legendary pieces. He was a balanced painter who will impact the craftsmanship world for a considerable length of time after his passing in 1510. Botticellis style of painting was a blend of the impacts of his instructor, yet the time and his own inventive vitality help decide quite a bit of his work. Botticelli was a student to Lippi who had an enormous impact and him characterized a significant number of his initial works. Lippi showed Botticelli the idea of drawing plots, this was to make the impact of straightforwardness, and to give the artistic creation a specific smoothness and amicability 2:69. A watcher can see this in a large number of Botticellis work including Allegory of Spring. Botticelli was additionally impacted by the Pollaiolo sibling whom he likewise works with. These men showed him emotive power and furthermore the utilization of shading. An undeniable thought, which can be seen in a considerable lot of Botticellis symbolic artistic creations, including Allegory of Spring, is the more prominent measure of glow, just as a milder look of pride 2:70. Metallica EssayThe cupid that is motioned to is Amor, the lord of enthusiastic love. Love, or Eros to the Greek, is the winged child of Mars and Venus. This can be seen by the bow, which he conveys and furthermore the bolts, quiver and blindfold. Just underneath Amor is the goddess of adoration and magnificence, Venus. Venus expands her hand toward the three graces to regulate their move. On the extreme right is the frigid blue divine force of the west breezes, Zephyrus. He grasps Chloris; he is changing her from sprite into Flora the goddess of spring; Flora is the figure among Chloris and Venus. This artistic creation is Botticellis origination of spring in an opposite agnostic idea. One of Botticellis most noteworthy augmentations to the craftsmanship he made was the stunning imagery inside. The emblematic importance to this work of art is while spring stirs the world to the magnificence, Venus utilizes love to turn the human heart to certainties divine (1:78). This canvas is generally founded on the excellence and reestablishment of life in spring, it likewise center around adoration. Venus, the middle purpose of this artwork mixes the blossoms to existence with her warm breezes. Venus is the image of spring this is seen by the decoration of blossoms by the graces. She, not just an image of spring, speaks to human advancement, administering the world and the activities of men. There are numerous understandings of Venus, another thought is the depiction of otherworldly love, with over her, a bound Cupid during the time spent shooting one of his bolts. Further to one side are the three graces, beneficiary fingers weaved, their hair gently waving and their straightforward dresses, they are moving agreeably, while Mercury disperses the mists from the bloom filled nursery, with his caduceus. This wooden stick with two snakes contorting around it, is an image of medication (3:2). Mercury himself isn't just an attractive youth however a revealer of reality as he contacts the mists to uncover the riddles (1:78). The characters in this piece have an incredible delineation of the musings of Botticelli. The work of art itself has numerous hidden implications, too. For instance, the blooming gardens speak to the illustration for the richness of Flora. Chloris and Flora are similar individuals in this artwork however they are depicting the transformation they she is going toss. The graces may represent freedom. These increments to the canvas that Botticelli made affected the manner in which numerous individuals see him and his work. This compositions topic is essentially founded on the clear images and portrayals. Botticelli had a genuine endowment of including and seeing all part of fine art while making this piece. In Birth of Venus a great part of a similar imagery continues to include intrigue and an individual touch to his work. Huge numbers of Botticellis replacements owe uch to this man who cleared a brilliant street to the utilization of imagery. The images, the story line, the style of this fine art all meet up to frame an amicable origination that the recharging of spring brings. Botticellis each brush stroke implies the magnificence and otherworldliness of the legendary story portrayed in this piece. Botticelli enlivens the serenity and wealth of new life to Venus garden. This canvas is genuinely a feature of Renaissance culture and workmanship at its top, with the liquid brush strokes, the graceful characters and the genuine significance of spring united.

CPW 2008 Another Highly Satisfied Customer! (Guest Entry)

CPW 2008 Another Highly Satisfied Customer! (Guest Entry) By Omar Abudayyeh 12 While I’m not cool enough to enroll at MIT on an iTouch or to dedicate myself to MIT for four years weeks before CPW, I am cool enough to now say, “I am enrolled at MIT!” In fact, I just enrolled moments before finishing this very blog entry and am proud of it. Now with that out of the way…Hi, I’m Omar! I come from a small Midwestern town located on the lower left side of the palm that is Michigan (I wonder how many people actually get what I mean by palm :-p). After a two-hour flight, during which I met a matriculating Harvard Medical School student who tried to convince me to go to a public university, I was definitely ready for some MIT action. I left the plane and descended upon the luggage claim where I met my first MIT friend, Shubhi. Although I never saw her again during CPW, theres no one like your first MIT prefrosh friend (words of wisdom). To those who have heard rumors of a clandestine, transcendental chat group full of amazing people, let me assure you. There is an MIT 2012 chat room (commercial: if you would like to be part of this, for a one time only fee of five dollars (just kidding) you can join this interesting bunch by going to your favorite AIM client and joining the chatroom “MIT12”). And here are our trusty sidekicks: For the past few months, while waiting for my MIT decision and even after it, the chatroom provided me with my daily MIT fix. We laughed, we cried, we made fun of Harvard and Caltech, and we anxiously awaited CPW. All of us chat people became closeknit and couldn’t wait to meet at CPW. When I stepped off the Peter Pan bus onto MIT’s campus, I looked around hoping to spot someone I know. As I edged closer to the student center, I saw some people doing an odd version of the cha cha slide and by the time I turned on my trusty, dandy, handheld video camera with laser deathbeam and all, I had realized that they were all MIT12 chatters! (They are all going to punch me at orientation for posting that picture.) My first duty on campus after registration, of course, was to find the admissions office. I quickly scanned the doors in the infinite corridor until I found: After the chat group finished taking pictures we knocked on the door and an MIT student asked, “Are you prefrosh?” and we just giggled and nodded yes and she told us that all of the admissions officers were in the student center. We didnt care though, we got what we came for: a picture of the names. Now, one of my personal goals during CPW was to collect as many free shirts as possible. While I ended up only getting 4, I still came away feeling like I had somewhat accomplished my goal. Two of the shirts were actually unexpected, while the other two I snagged from the enourmous activities fair. While I do not have a picture of the activities fair, I do have a picture of the CPW festival, which was held in the same place and looks exactly the same as the activities fair minus a naked guy in a box. At the activities fair, I saw Paul again and he was at my favorite booth. He works on the MIT Undergraduate Research Journal and if I recall correctly is going to be co-Editor-in-Chief next year. This journal rocks and so I did what any prefrosh would doI put my email address on the list to get more information from them. I ended up obtaining another shirt from the Arab Students Organization (ASO). This one is my favorite shirt since it spells “Massachusetts Institute of Technology” in Arabic. Yeah, you wish you had one of these. While on the subject of the ASO, let me go off on a tangent and say that I am very impressed with how MIT regards religion on campus. I went to a Muslim Students Association event held in the Religious Activities Center and it was amazing. There was a well-furnished prayer hall filled with everything a Muslim student would need. Out of all the universities I visited, MIT treats religion the best. End tangent here. Aside from rocking out in Rock Band throughout CPW some of the highlights of my trip at MIT included: 1) CPW Welcome My favorite part about the welcome was definitely the MIT Logarhythms, MIT’s all-male a cappella group. For your enjoyment, here are two of the songs they performed: Here in Your Arms: Thanks to Sam 12 for uploading this second video for me :-). 2) Battle of the Bands In this event, I received my fourth free shirt as one of the bands threw a shirt and I luckily pushed and shoved people and caught it. At first I was like “Meh another shirt,” but then someone pointed out to me that the band members on the shirt actually spell out “MIT” and then I was like “OMG this shirt rocks!” and I walked around feeling victorious. 3) Walking on the Harvard Bridge…like a bajillion times! I quickly found the Skullhouse fraternity on the other side of the river to be a nice safe haven for breakfast, snacks, Monster energy drinks, and, of course, Rock Band. As a result, I trekked a few times back and forth the Harvard bridge, killing my feet in the process. That’s ok though because otherwise I wouldn’t have been able to stomp on something that relates to Harvard and I wouldn’t have taken this picture below, which adequately describes how I feel now as the orientation approaches and the next four years edge closer. 4) Bouncy Ball Drop This event rocked. It absolutely rocked. There is nothing like being the target for 10,000 bouncy balls that are being subjected to the cold hearted fo rce that is gravity. One moment it was quiet and calm, the next moment it was raining bouncy balls. I must admit that the strobe light was a nice addition, especially since it helped illuminate the floor in our scramble to collect as many balls as possible. Right as we all began collecting balls though, the fine folks of Senior House began pelting us with water balloons. After being struck by the third water balloon, I decided it was time to high tail it over to the Meet the Bloggers event before I was late. 5) Meet the Bloggers With wet, soggy pants, I power walked through East Campus and the infinite corridor and reached the student center with time to spare. Inside, Ben Jones himself was preparing all the necessary supplies to make a scrumptious root bear float. The event eventually kicked off and all the bloggers filed in! After each person gave a brief introduction, everyone would clap and it was really funny as Ben and Snively got the loudest clapping/cheering. When the introductions were then, we were able to scoff down root beer floats and converse with the wondrous MIT blogging team. I got to chat with Ben, Matt, Paul, Snively, Melis, Mollie (College Confidential buddies!), and Chris. Chris by the way does look a lot taller in person. I think that is the general consensus. To top off the night, we did the obligatory group picture! 6) Underground Capture the Flag On the last night, a huge game of capture the flag took place in the vicinity of the infinite corridor. The underground tunnels, the main floor, and second floor were all fair game and made for an interesting battle. While my feet were killing me at this point due to the continuous walking for three days, I toughed it out and played offense with Sam ’12. We snuck around for most of the game, until we were deep in red territory (we were Blue) and were spotted. I made a run for it and somehow ended up out of bounds. Nevertheless, I hid around a corner for five minutes, but just as I felt I was safe again, a red person came out of nowhere and took me to jail where I found Sam ’12 sitting. Then just moments later, we found out the game had ended and everyone walked back to lobby 10 to find out that the Red team had dominated. Well, at least it’s “better dead, than red.” 7) Math until you die I died after 30 minutes. Here are the poor souls who I left behind: While I only stayed 30 minutes, the math involving group theory and topology was still fairly interesting. 8) Simmons Hall After seeing the tour, I absolutely fell in love with Simmons and will be putting it as my first choice (disclaimer: all feelings I express now are subject to change). Let’s start with the basics: a) Meditation Room b) Cool architecture c) Random walls that jut out d) A very new feel (maybe because it is new) e) Amazing, hard-to-reach views (can you guess where in Simmons this was?) If I decide I don’t want Simmons anymore, I would definitely choose Baker. I think Baker made the cut when I saw this board filled with physics. It reminded me of The Big Bang Theory, one of my favorite shows. If neither Simmons nor Baker work out, I could always live in the best room on campus. The study area within the great dome! I must say that MIT has really shown itself to be a safe campus. It’s great to know that campus police have thought about every possible situation and have come up with ways to protect the student body. This really puts my parents at ease too. After walking past this excellent hack, I was innocently rickrolled (yes, Im streching the meaning of the term) as someone was cruelly playing Rick Astleys music video for Never Gonna Give You Up in the hallway. Of all places! The welcome ceremony was also entertaining, giving us another performance by the MIT Logs and an amusing act by a guy with Chinese Yo-yos. Click here to see their performance of Save Room by John Legend. At the end, I saw none other than Ben Jones himself and got a picture along with Pam ‘12: Overall, CPW was a great way to experience MIT in a fun way (I hear its not like this at all next year, go figure). It was so much fun that it persuaded me to enroll. I cannot wait to be a full fledged MIT freshman next Fall. I visited a few classes, such as Physics II (not too bad), Linear Algebra (I understood it all yay :-) ), and Applied Electromagnetics: From Motors to Lasers (cool stuff). The premed panel was also very helpful. I was afraid Id come to MIT, leave with a bad GPA, and end up practicing medicine in my parents basement, but its not true! Just about 90% of premed undergrads get into med school :-). I am very happy to say: Only four months left!

Matrimonium Types of Roman Marriage

Living together, prenuptial agreements, divorce, religious wedding ceremonies, and legal commitments all had a place in ancient Rome. The Romans were unlike other Mediterranean people in that they made marriage a union between social equals instead of valuing submissiveness in women. Motives for Marriage In ancient Rome, if you planned to run for office, you could increase your chances of winning by creating a political alliance through the marriage of your children. Parents arranged marriages to produce descendants to tend the ancestral spirits. The name matrimonium with its root mater (mother) shows the principle objective of the institution, namely the creation of children. Marriage could also improve social status and wealth. Some Romans even married for love, an uncommon thing for the historical time period! The Legal Status of Marriage Marriage was not a state affair—at least it wasnt until Augustus made it his business. Before that the rite was a private matter discussed only between husband and wife and their families. Nonetheless, there were legal requirements so it wasnt just automatic. People getting married had to have the right to marry, or the connubium. Connubium is defined by Ulpian (Frag. v.3) to be uxoris jure ducendae facultas, or the faculty by which a man may make a woman his lawful wife. -Matrimonium Who Had the Right to Marry? Generally, all Roman citizens and some non-citizen Latins had connubium. However, there was no connubium between patricians and plebeians until the Lex Canuleia (445 B.C.). The consent of both patres familias (patriarchs) was required. Bride and groom must have reached puberty. Over time, examination to determine puberty gave way to standardization at age 12 for girls and 14 for boys. Eunuchs, who would never reach puberty, were not permitted to marry. Monogamy was the rule, so an existing marriage precluded connubium as did certain blood and legal relationships. The Betrothal, Dowry, and Engagement Rings Engagements and engagement parties were optional, but if an engagement were made and then backed out of, breach of contract would have had financial consequences. The brides family would give the engagement party and formal betrothal (sponsalia) between the groom and the bride-to-be (who was now sponsa). Dowry, to be paid after the marriage, was decided on. The groom might give his fiancà © an iron ring (anulus pronubis) or some money (arra). How Roman Matrimonium Differed from Modern Western Marriage Its in terms of property ownership that Roman marriage sounds most unfamiliar. Communal property was not part of marriage, and the children were their fathers. If a wife died, the husband was entitled to keep one fifth of her dowry for each child, but the rest would be returned to her family. A wife was treated as a daughter of the pater familias to whom she belonged, whether that was her father or the family into which she married. Distinctions Between Marriage Types Who had control of the bride depended on the type of marriage. A marriage in manum conferred the bride on the grooms family along with all her property. One not in manum meant the bride was still under the control of her pater familias. She was required to be faithful to her husband as long as she cohabited with him, however, or face divorce. Laws regarding dowry were probably created to deal with such marriages. A marriage ​in manum made her the equivalent of a daughter (filiae loco) in her husbands household. There were three types of marriages in manum: Confarreatio - Confarreatio was an elaborate religious ceremony with ten witnesses, the flamen dialis (himself married confarreatio), and pontifex maximus in attendance. Only the children of parents married confarreatio were eligible. The grain far was baked into a special wedding cake (farreum) for the occasion, hence the name confarreatio.Coemptio - In coemptio, the wife carried a dowry into the marriage, but was ceremoniously bought by her husband in front of at least five witnesses. She and her possessions then belonged to her husband. This was the type of marriage in which, according to Cicero, it is thought the wife declared ubi tu gaius, ego gaia, usually thought to mean where you [are] Gaius, I [am] Gaia, although gaius and gaia need not be praenomina or nomina*.Usus - After a years cohabitation, the woman came under her husbands manum, unless she stayed away for three nights (trinoctium abesse). Since she wasnt living with her paterfamilias, and since she wasnt under the han d of her husband, she acquired some freedom. Sine manu (not in manum) marriages, wherein a bride stayed within the legal control of her natal family, began in the third century B.C. and became the most popular by the first century A.D. In this popular model, the woman could own property and manage her own affairs if her father died. There was also a marital arrangement for slaves (contuberium) and between freedmen and slaves (concubinatus). Resource: *Ubi tu gaius, ego gaia. New Light on an Old Roman Legal Saw, by Gary Forsythe; Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte Bd. 45, H. 2 (2nd Qtr., 1996), pp. 240-241.

The Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean Overview

The Gulf Stream is a strong, fast moving, warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It makes up a portion of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. The majority of the Gulf Stream is classified as a western boundary current. This means that it is a current with behavior determined by the presence of a coastline — in this case, the eastern United States and Canada — and is found on the western edge of an oceanic basin. Western boundary currents are normally very warm, deep, and narrow currents that carry water from the tropics to the poles. The Gulf Stream was first discovered in 1513 by the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and was then used extensively by Spanish ships as they traveled from the Caribbean to Spain. In 1786, Benjamin Franklin mapped the current, further increasing its usage. Path of the Gulf Stream Because these areas are often very narrow, the current is able to compress and gather strength. As it does so, it begins circulating in the Gulf of Mexico’s warm waters. It is here that the Gulf Stream becomes officially visible on satellite images so it is said that the current originates in this area. Once it gains enough strength after circulating in the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf Stream then moves east, rejoins the Antilles Current, and exits the area through the Straits of Florida. Here, the Gulf Stream is a powerful underwater river that transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second (or 30 Sverdrups). It then flows parallel to the east coast of the United States and later flows into the open ocean near Cape Hatteras but continues moving north. While flowing in this deeper ocean water, the Gulf Stream is its most powerful (at about 150 Sverdrups), forms large meanders, and splits into several currents, the largest of which is the North Atlantic Current. The North Atlantic Current then flows further north and feeds the Norwegian Current and moves the relatively warm water along the west coast of Europe. The rest of the Gulf Stream flows into the Canary Current which moves along the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean and back south to the equator. Causes of the Gulf Stream The northern branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, is deeper and is caused by thermohaline circulation resulting from density differences in the water. Impacts of the Gulf Stream The greatest impact the Gulf Stream has on climate is found in Europe. Since it flows into the North Atlantic Current, it too is warmed (though at this latitude the sea surface temperatures are cooled considerably), and it is believed that it helps keep places like Ireland and England much warmer than they would otherwise be at such a high latitude. For example, the average low in London in December is 42Â °F (5Â °C) while in St. John’s, Newfoundland, the average is 27Â °F (-3Â °C). The Gulf Stream and its warm winds are also responsible for keeping northern Norway’s coast free of ice and snow. As well as keeping many places mild, the Gulf Stream’s warm sea surface temperatures also aid in the formation and strengthening of many of the hurricanes that move through the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the Gulf Stream is important to the distribution of wildlife in the Atlantic. The waters off of Nantucket, Massachusetts, for example, are incredibly biodiverse because the presence of the Gulf Stream makes it the northern limit for southern species varieties and the southern limit for northern species. The Future of the Gulf Stream There has been evidence that the Gulf Stream is weakening and slowing and there is growing concern about what impacts such a change would have on the world’s climate. Some reports suggest that without the Gulf Stream, temperatures in England and northwestern Europe could drop by 4-6Â °C. These are the most dramatic of the predictions for the future of the Gulf Stream but they, as well as today’s climate patterns surrounding the current, show its importance to life in many places around the world.

Crisis Blown over Free Essays

November 30, 1997 goes down in the history of a Bangalore-based electric company as the day nobody wanting it to recur but everyone recollecting it with sense of pride. It was a festive day for all the 700-plus employees. Festoons were strung all over, banners were put up; banana trunks and leaves adorned the factory gate, instead of the usual red flags; and loud speakers were blaring Kannada songs. We will write a custom essay sample on Crisis Blown over or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was day the employees chose to celebrate Kannada Rajyothsava, annual feature of all Karnataka-based organisations. The function was to start at 4 p. m. and everybody was eagerly waiting for the big event to take place. But the event, budgeted at Rs 1,00,000 did not take place. At around 2 p. m. , there was a ghastly accident in the machine shop. Murthy was caught in the vertical turret lathe and was wounded fatally. His end came in the ambulance on the way to hospital. The management sought union help, and the union leaders did respond with a positive attitude. They did not want to fish in troubled waters. Series of meetings were held between the union leaders and the management. The discussions centred around two major issues—(i) restoring normalcy, and (ii) determining the amount of compensation to be paid to the dependants of Murthy. Luckily for the management, the accident took place on a Saturday. The next day was a weekly holiday and this helped the tension to diffuse to a large extent. The funeral of the deceased took place on Sunday without any hitch. The management hoped that things would be normal on Monday morning. But the hope was belied. The workers refused to resume work. Again the management approached the union for help. Union leaders advised the workers to resume work in al departments except in the machine shop, and the suggestions was accepted by all. Two weeks went by, nobody entered the machine shop, though work in other places resumed. Union leaders came with a new idea to the management—to perform a pooja to ward off any evil that had befallen on the lathe. The management accepted the idea and homa was performed in the machine shop for about five hours commencing early in the morning. This helped to some extent. The workers started operations on all other machines in the machine shop except on the fateful lathe. It took two full months and a lot of persuasion from the union leaders for the workers to switch on the lathe. The crisis was blown over, thanks to the responsible role played by the union leaders and their fellow workers. Neither the management nor the workers wish that such an incident should recur. As the wages of the deceased grossed Rs 6,500 per month, Murthy was not covered under the ESI Act. Management had to pay compensation. Age and experience of the victim were taken into account to arrive at Rs 1,87,000 which was the amount to be payable to the wife of the deceased. To this was added Rs 2,50,000 at the intervention of the union leaders. In addition, the widow was paid a gratuity and a monthly pension of Rs 4,300. And nobody’s wages were cut for the days not worked. Murthy’s death witnessed an unusual behavior on the part of the workers and their leaders, and magnanimous gesture from the management. It is a pride moment in the life of the factory. Question: 1. Do you think that the Bangalore-based company had practised participative management? 2. If your answer is yes, with what method of participation (you have read in this chapter) do you relate the above case? 3. If you were the union leader, would your behaviour have been different? If yes, what would it be? How to cite Crisis Blown over, Papers

Domestic Terrorism Essay Research Paper Trent Kenmai free essay sample

Domestic Terrorism Essay, Research Paper Trent Kenmai 5/15/00 DOMESTIC TERRORISM Over the past few old ages a new menace has been encountered by the United States. This menace does non come from off, but from within. It is know as domestic terrorist act. This has been seen over the past decennary in the signifier of force and terrorist act across the United States. This has become a menace to American security and the American people in general. To conflict against this issue, Congress has upheld the Anti-Terrorism Act in 1996. One of the best illustrations on analyzing these Acts of the Apostless of tumult can be viewed, seen and understood by analyzing the instance of the Oklahoma bombardment which occurred in 1996. Major newspaper headlines have besides described the World Trade Center bombardment, the Unabomber? s apprehension, and Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta as other major instances. All this demonstrates how sinister1 terrorist act is in American society. This paper will explicate background informations on anarchy/terrorism, instance surveies including the Oklahoma bombardment, authorities? s reaction toward terrorist act. In add-on terrorist act now and the old ages coming. A figure of terrorist onslaughts in the ninetiess have brought the fright to the populace, giving rise to vulnerability2 between many Americans. Most terrorist incidents in the United States have been bombing onslaughts, affecting detonated and undetonated explosive devices, tear gas and pipe and fire bombs. The effects of terrorist act can do loss of life and hurts to belongings harm and breaks in services such as electricity, H2O supply, public transit and communications. The dictionary defines terrorist act as? n. the policy of utilizing Acts of the Apostless to animating panic as a method of governing or of carry oning political resistance? . though terrorist act can be expressed in two ways. Domestic terrorist act involves groups or persons whose terrorist Acts of the Apostless are directed at state of affairss of our authorities or population without unknown ways. International terrorist act involves groups or persons whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by states or groups outside the United States or whose Acts of the Apostless pass national boundaries. In the United States, most terrorist onslaughts have involved little lawlessness groups who use terrorist act to accomplish a bound aim. Local, State and Federal jurisprudence enforcement functionaries monitor suspected terrorist groups and seek to forestall or protect the US against a suspected onslaught. Besides, the US authorities plants with other states to stop the cause of support for terrorist act. A terrorist onslaught can take certain signifiers, depending on the technological attack available to the terrorist, the sort of the political issue doing the onslaught, and the points of failing of the terrorist # 8217 ; s mark. Bombings are the most often used terrorist method in the United States. Other possibilities include an onslaught at transit installations, an onslaught against utilizations or other public services or an onslaught affecting chemical or biological arms. Terrorist incidents in this state have included bombardments of the World Trade Center in New York City, the United States Capitol Building in Washington, DC Mobil Oil corporate central office in New York City, the Oklahoma bombardment, and the Continental Olympic Park. Terrorism in America During these past few old ages, there has been a perception3 that the United States is going more vulnerable to terrorist onslaughts. Many instances such as The World Trade Center Bombing, The Olympic bombardment, The Unabomber? s apprehension, , and the Oklahoma bombardment, has given many Americans fear among terrorist act. Below are a few instance surveies that have been researched. World Trade Center Bombing: In February 1993, a bomb exploded in the World Trade Center in New York City. The World Trade Center is the 3rd tallest edifice in the universe, and more than 100,000 people work and visit every twenty-four hours. The bomb exploded in the parking construction underneath the edifice, damaging the base and metro tunnels. Smoke reached the top of the 110-story edifice in proceedingss. Six people were killed ; more than 1,000 were injured. The FBI joined the Joint Terrorist Task Force in the research, which finally brought 22 Islamic extremist to test. The test revealed extended programs to usage terrorist act to bring havoc4 in the United States, including aiming authorities installations. In April 1996, federal agents arrested Theodore Kaczynski and charged him with the offenses committed by the alleged # 8220 ; Unabomber. # 8221 ; The Unabomber, who targeted university scientists and air hose employees among others, had evaded governments for over 18 old ages. Harmonizing to the FBI, the suspect had killed three people and injured 23 others with bundle bombs. Olympic Bombing: During the Summer Olympic Games, in July 1996, a pipe bomb exploded at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Georgia, killing two people and wounding more than one hundred others. The FBI said that the pipe bomb looked # 8220 ; homemade # 8221 ; with # 8220 ; nails and prison guards attached. # 8221 ; They suspected domestic terrorists, and members of local reserves groups were questioned without any consequences. Olympic jocks and witnesss became tense and disquieted. Lines to go to Olympic events became even longer than before ; witnesss were submitted to more precise observation as they passed through metal sensors and had their bags inspected. One of the recent and major onslaughts from terrorist act has been the Oklahoma bombardment. Oklahoma City became the site of the most deathly terrorist bombardment in the history of the United States. At 9:02 ante meridiem, on April 19, 1995, a monolithic bo megabit exploded in a truck in forepart of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168, wounding more than 500 people and destructing much of the edifice and damaging surrounding edifices. On April 19, Timothy James McVeigh was arrested in Oklahoma for vehicle and arms misdemeanors. On April 21, 1995, McVeigh was charged with go againsting Title 18, US Code, Section 844 { degree Fahrenheit } and 2, Maliciously Damaging and Destroying a Building by Meanss of Explosives. On May 11, 1995, Terry Lynn Nichols was charged with the same misdemeanor. Timothy McVeigh was charged with 11 counts of conspiracy5 and slaying by the federal authorities. His test took topographic point in April of 1997. On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was convicted on all charges and was sentenced to decease. McVeigh? s spouse Terry L. Nichols was sentenced in 1998 Calling him # 8220 ; an enemy of the Constitution, # 8221 ; a federal justice sentences Terry L. Nichols to life in prison. This was the stoping to a portion in American history that showed the state # 8217 ; s exposure to domestic terrorist act. On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded in the air off the seashore of Long Island, shortly after taking off from New York? s Kennedy International Airport. The detonation killed all 229 riders and crew. People conjecture about whether the clang resulted from proficient failure or a bomb. In response, President Clinton assigned Vice President Al Gore to head a new Commission on Aviation Safety and Security. The President besides announced that the federal authorities would take on the primary duty and cost for airport security. Airline security has received renewed attending since the clang, even though no grounds has been found that the detonation was a consequence of a bomb. More rigorous security steps are now in topographic point. Government? s reaction toward Terrorism In 1996 President Bill Clinton signed Antiterrorism Act to beef up the power of the federal authorities to foresee6 and react to both international and domestic terrorist act. The act makes terrorist act a federal offense punishable by decease, every bit good as AIDSs in the probe, gaining control, and test of terrorists in the United States, and includes footings that allow US exile proceedments without being bound by Terrorists to demo classified information. Disallows fund-raising in the US that supports terrorist organisations, and bars terrorists from come ining the US The jurisprudence besides allows for the exile of foreign terrorists without the demand to unwrap classified grounds against them, and it authorizes overdoing of up to $ 1 billion on province and local antiterrorism attempts. Both the American Autonomies Union and the National Rifle Association opposed parts of the statute law that they claimed would supply the federal authorities with excessively much power. An earlier proviso in the Anti-Terrorism Act that would hold given the federal authorities power to intercept suspected terrorist groups? phones without a warrant was removed from the concluding measure, following expostulations from both Democrats and Republicans. The Act would hold allowed the information obtained in this manner to be used in tribunal. Rep. Bob Barr ( R-Ga. ) said: # 8220 ; We do non necessitate to give our authorities vast new powers. # 8221 ; Members of civil autonomies groups agreed, stating that this proviso would hold violated people? s right to privateness. Other lawgivers argued that calamities such as the Oklahoma City bombing make it indispensable that the federal authorities be allowed to supervise reserves groups more closely. Terrorism Today and Years Ahead Since the universe has become so really technically progress it will be more hard to happen concealed or secret explosives, and these technological progresss have made chemical, biological and even atomic arms much more widely available, and have thereby occupy the ability to bring down mass devastation. As lawgivers debate what steps to take to prevent hereafter onslaughts, many Americans ponder what sacrifices they are willing to do to counter the terrorist menace. Are air travellers willing to wait in longer lines at the airdrome so that sensitive equipment can inspect their bags for explosives? Are they willing to pay more for airplane tickets to finance new sensing equipment? Are Americans willing to submit to increased security steps at the disbursal of their freedom of motion as good as privateness? In decision lawgivers have tried to react to the fright that America is going more vulnerable to terrorist onslaughts. But, many experts believe that the American populace and lawgivers need to believe about whether they are reacting to fear or to facts. For these experts, the response to the detonation of TWA Flight 800 is an illustration of overreaction. Research workers have non determined what caused the detonation, and yet, this detonation has prompted a resurgence of the Anti-Terrorism Act and President Clinton has requested the expansion7 of the federal authorities? s wiretapping rights one time once more. Should Americans give up a step of freedom for the increased safety it will likely provide? 539 Greenberg, Keith. Terrorism the New Menace. Brookfield CT, 1994 Gaines, Ann. Terrorism. Philadelphia PA, 1999 Close Up Foundation on Terrorism hypertext transfer protocol: //www.closeup.org/terror.htm Alexandria VA, 1997 FEMA backrounder- terrorist act hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fema.gov/library/terror.htm 1998 Lexicon publications, inc. Webster? Dictionary and Tesaurus. Danbury CT,1993 Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. ? 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved

Existentialism And Theatre Essays (549 words) - Philosophy Of Life

Existentialism And Theatre Existentialism and Theatre Existentialism is a concept that became popular during the second World War in France, and just after it. French playrights have often used the stage to express their views, and these views came to surface even during a Nazi occupation. Bernard Shaw got his play Saint Joan past the German censors because it appeared to be very Anti-British. French audiences however immediately understood the real meaning of the play, and replaced the British with the Germans. Those sorts of hidden meanings were common throughout the period so that plays would be able to pass censorship. Existentialism proposes that man is full of anxiety and despair with no meaning in his life, just simply existing, until he made decisive choice about his own future. That is the way to achieve dignity as a human being. Existentialists felt that adopting a social or political cause was one way of giving purpose to a life. Sartre is well known for the Theatre engage or Theatre 'committed', which is supposedly committed to social and/or political action. One of the major playwrights during this period was Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre had been imprisoned in Germany in 1940 but managed to escape, and become one of the leaders of the Existential movement. Other popular playwrights were Albert Camus, and Jean Anouilh. Just like Anouilh, Camus accidentally became the spokesman for the French Underground when he wrote his famous essay, Le Mythe de Sisyphe or The Myth of Sisyphus. Sisyphus was the man condemned by the gods to roll a rock to the top of a mountain, only to have it roll back down again. For Camus, this related heavily to everyday life, and he saw Sisyphus an absurd hero, with a pointless existence. Camus felt that it was necessary to wonder what the meaning of life was, and that the human being longed for some sense of clarity in the world, since if the world were clear, art would not exist. The Myth of Sisyphus became a prototype for existentialism in the theatre, and eventually The Theatre of the Absurd. Right after the Second World War, Paris became the theatre capital of the west, and popularized a new form of surrealistic theatre called Theatre of the Absurd. Many historians contribute the sudden popularity of absurdism in France to the gruesome revelations of gas chambers and war atrocities coming out of Germany after the war. The main idea of The Theatre of the Absurd was to point out man's helplessness and pointless existence in a world without purpose. As Richard Coe described it It is the freedom of the slave to crawl east along the deck of a boat going west. Two of the most popular playwrights of this time include Samuel Beckett, who's most famous piece was Waiting for Godot, and Eugene Ioensco with Exit the King. Most absurdist plays have no logical plot. The absence of the plot pushes an emphasis on proving the pointless existence of man. Quite often, such plays reveal the human condition at it's absolute worst. Absurdist playwrites often used such techniques as symbolism, mime, the circus, and the commedia dell'arte, which are quite evident in the more popular plays of the time, such as Waiting for Godot, The Bald Prima Donna, and Amedee. Philosophy Essays

Free Essays on J.F.K

J.F.K. Assassination If Lee Harvey Oswald killed J.F.K. and it wasn’t a conspiracy, then why is the government still withholding reports done on the assassination from the public’s eyes, in the FBI’s possession? President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 on November 22. He was elected president in 1961. First he was a senator. Then he went straight from Capitol Hill to the White House. Robert Kennedy was attorney general and was J. F. K.'s brother. He was head of the investigation of the assassination after Kennedy was killed. Both Robert and J. F. K. knew that people wanted to kill them. J. F. K. didn’t worry about it. Robert thought it would have been him to get killed first, not his brother. Robert encouraged his brother to sign three anti-crime bills. The bills targeted organized crime. They were used to stop gambling or at least crack down on it. The government didn’t approve of the crack down on the mob that was in America. Teddy Kennedy loved busting the Mafia. People like Jimmy Hoffa. Even Frank Sinatra became close friends with Teddy, even made trips to the White House. After the assassination Robert carried on the bills and got killed also. In 1962 Cuba was known to have missiles from the Soviet Union in Cuba. They thought Cuba or the Soviet Union would make a nuclear strike. Accused of helping the soviet union wage war on the U.S., enemies were made. Neither the FBI nor the CIA approved of getting into the Vietnam War. They didn’t approve of any of the president’s decisions. There were three shots, even a possible four. Some people think that the last shot was one from an agent’s gun going off into J.F.K.’s head after reacting to the shots. The first shot missed. The second shot hit J.F.K.’s shoulder, back, and throat; and Connally’s shoulder, wrist, and leg. But how could one bullet travel with that much force to go through all of that flesh? The third shot was fatal to... Free Essays on J.F.K Free Essays on J.F.K J.F.K. Assassination If Lee Harvey Oswald killed J.F.K. and it wasn’t a conspiracy, then why is the government still withholding reports done on the assassination from the public’s eyes, in the FBI’s possession? President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 on November 22. He was elected president in 1961. First he was a senator. Then he went straight from Capitol Hill to the White House. Robert Kennedy was attorney general and was J. F. K.'s brother. He was head of the investigation of the assassination after Kennedy was killed. Both Robert and J. F. K. knew that people wanted to kill them. J. F. K. didn’t worry about it. Robert thought it would have been him to get killed first, not his brother. Robert encouraged his brother to sign three anti-crime bills. The bills targeted organized crime. They were used to stop gambling or at least crack down on it. The government didn’t approve of the crack down on the mob that was in America. Teddy Kennedy loved busting the Mafia. People like Jimmy Hoffa. Even Frank Sinatra became close friends with Teddy, even made trips to the White House. After the assassination Robert carried on the bills and got killed also. In 1962 Cuba was known to have missiles from the Soviet Union in Cuba. They thought Cuba or the Soviet Union would make a nuclear strike. Accused of helping the soviet union wage war on the U.S., enemies were made. Neither the FBI nor the CIA approved of getting into the Vietnam War. They didn’t approve of any of the president’s decisions. There were three shots, even a possible four. Some people think that the last shot was one from an agent’s gun going off into J.F.K.’s head after reacting to the shots. The first shot missed. The second shot hit J.F.K.’s shoulder, back, and throat; and Connally’s shoulder, wrist, and leg. But how could one bullet travel with that much force to go through all of that flesh? The third shot was fatal to...

Stories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Stories - Assignment Example The Lt. carried the guilt and blame because he placed his daydream as an important factor in the story. Pete suggested stories help dampen loneliness. He wrote of â€Å"interviewing† Mt. Hood. In paragraph 5 of page 3, Pete quotes â€Å"Leaves of Grass† by Walt Whitman to explain his sense of stories. Like the Mumford Sons music, poetry and other art forms of storytelling give company and relieve isolation through the understanding of the common experience. Pete’s retelling about the mountain reminded me of â€Å"On a Rainy River†. This story of a physical barrier to freedom, the river between Canada and the U.S. explained O’Brien’s reluctance to turn his back on his own history, his own stories. And, since as Pete reminds, stories are for eternity, when memory is gone. O’Brien did not want to have his story end in shameful cowardice, as he suggested draft dodging would be. O’Brien’s hometown people would not understand such an act. Stories shamed him into staying in the U.S. and being

Analytical paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analytical paper - Essay Example ocratic reshaping is proving to be a contradictory, uncertain, and conflict-ridden process, one that has provoked sharp debates both within Bolivia and among observers of Bolivia abroad† (Wolff 3). The problems inside and outside of Bolivia with respect to democratic reforms are certainly not easily definable. Most would also agree a move towards socialism by the current Evo Morales regime is troubling for democratic proponents. Though most would agree that democratic change in Bolivia could be sincerely philanthropic venture by democratic proponents, economic vitalization of Bolivia is usually the anticipated motivation and priority assisting any efforts for ‘changing’ governments, â€Å"†¦creating order is a central task for establishing the foundations of long term economic growth† (North, 1999). It is reasonable then to consider the perceived ‘value’ of Bolivia post-change in light of simple economic potential. The future does not look bright for Bolivian democracy with change as a constant drumbeat from Bolivia’s past. The geography of Bolivia suggests that independence, whether democratic or socialist, is always going to be a matter of dependence upon others. Bolivia is one of two ‘land-locked’ countries in the Western Hemisphere (Paraguay the other) and relies on neighboring countries for exporting its mineral resources (Bolivia’s primary export) throughout the world. This dependence upon neighbors, specifically Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Paraguay, is more significant than some may think. Bolivia once had access to the sea but lost this territory to Chile in the War of the Pacific in the late 1800’s. Bolivia has suffered poverty and government instability ever since the War of the Pacific. Bolivia’s main obstacle to ‘independence’ is Bolivia’s land-locked juxtaposition. The easiest and cheapest route for one of Bolivia’s chief exports, Bolivian crude oil, is directly through Brazil via a pipeline. Brazil also

Mechanisms of the Immune System: An Overview

Mechanisms of the Immune System: An Overview When the human body is attacked by microbes or pathogens, it defends itself using certain mechanisms. There are two types of mechanisms one which is non-specific and the other which is specific to the attack. The non-specific mechanism is similar no matter what attacks the body and is again sub divided into external and internal defences. The first line of defences The bodys first line of defense against pathogens is mostly physical. It involves sweat, skin, tears, mucus and stomach acid. Our skin and mucous membraneswhich line the body passages, are fairly effective in keeping most pathogens out of the body. They act like a protective barrier, defending against viral and bacterial invaders. The skin cannot be penetrated by bacteria or viruses under normal conditions. It has a pH range of 3-5 which is acidic enough to prevent the growth of bacteria. The clotting of blood near open wounds prevents an open space for antigens to easily enter the organism by coagulating the blood, and Lysozymes are an enzyme found in tears and saliva that have powerful digestive capabilities, and can break down foreign agents to a harmless status before they enter the body. Mucus in the nose traps pathogens, which are then washed away or destroyed by chemicals. The respiratory tract also has its own line of defense. Invading microbes and debris are trapped in layers of mucous or they are filtered by tiny hair like structures called cilia. The cilia move in waves, sweeping the debris towards the entrance where they can be extracted through coughing or sneezing, so dont hold your sneezes in!AndCorrosive acids in the stomach and protein digesting enzymes destroy most of the invading organisms carried in by food. The first line makes a very powerful line of defence, but sometimes intruders can find their way past this wall. Thankfully we have a second line on the inside! The second line of defence The second line of defence is immobilized when invaders enter in the body. A nonspecific internal defence mechanism is the process of phagocytosis; the ingestion of invading bacteria by certain blood cells. There are many phagocytic responses used in the body. When foreign particles penetrate the skin; like in cases of injury, certain leukocytes known as monocytes move to the blood tissues where they develop into eaters called macrophages. Using pseudopods, the macrophages engulf and destroy the bacteria with their enzymes. Another phagocytic response: white blood cells. Neutrophils are attracted to chemical signals sent off by cells that have been damaged by microbes. In the process of called chemotaxis, neutrophils move towards infected tissue. The neutrophils then engulf the microbe and release lysosomal enzymes that digest both the microbe and the leukocyte. The remaining fragments of protein, dead white blood and digested remainder are called pus. Tissue damage which is caused by physical damage also initiates an inflammatory response. An inflammatory response is a non-specific immune response which results in swelling, redness, heat and pain. Pus and inflammation are signs that the second line of defence is at work. That is how your body responds to a small localized injury. The body can also respond to severe injuries with a system-wide defence. Injured cells emit chemicals that simulate the production of phagocytic white blood cells and increase their release into the bloodstream. Bone marrow, the source of all blood cells is found in the inner spongy part of the upper leg bone, upper arm bone, breastbone and shoulder blades. A fever is a good example of the bodys system-wide response to infections. When infectious organisms spread through the body like in cold or flu, neutrophils and macrophages digest the invaders and release chemicals into the bloodstream. These chemicals cause your body to reset its thermostat to a higher temperature such as 40 degrees Celsius. These conditions in the body make it difficult for the harmful bacteria to survive; so essentially, the fever helps you recover. People often take medication like aspirin to reduce fever; this however may actually prolong the infection. If the temperature is above 40 degrees Celsius however, it can be unsafe. Keep in mind human cells themselves cannot survive over 43 degrees Celsius. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM The immune system is made up of cells, protein, tissues and organs. It defends us from germs and bacteria every day. The immune system is usually very successful but sometimes when there is a problem we can get infections and illnesses. About the Immune System The immune system is the bodys defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms that invade body systems and cause disease. The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. The cells involved are white blood cells called leukocytes. Leukocytes are large opaque blood cells that engulf invading microbes and produce antibodies.They combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances. All leukocytes are produced in bone marrow. There are approximately 6,000,000,000 leukocytes in the human body. They are rather colorless because they dont contain hemoglobin which makes red bloodcells red. They have a life expectancy of 2-3 days and therefore the body is constanlty making large amounts of leukocytes all the time. Picture this: there is half a million white blood cells per very drop of blood! Leukocytes are produced or stored in many locations in the body, including the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. This is why they are called the lymphoid organs. Leukocytes are also located in clumps of lymphoid tissue all around the body. They have asymetrical shapes which can change enabling them to get around all obstacles. The leukocytes circulate all around the body between the organs and nodes through the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels. By doing so, the immune system works in a coordinated way to constantly monitor the body for germs or substances that might cause problems. There are 2 basic types of Leukocytes: They are phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes are cells that chew up invading organisms and lymphocytes are cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them. There are different types of phagocytes. The most common type is the neutrophil, it primarily fights bacteria. They are the most common type of white blood cell, neutrophils make up 50-70% of white blood cells in the body. They are the first to arrive at infected areasand kill intruders by ingestion. This process is called chemotaxis. Once the pathogen is swallowed the neutrophil dies. The process of neutrophils killing bacteria involves them releasing a net of fibers which traps the cell. This is called neutrophil extracellular trap (N.E.T). Some people have neutrophil difficiencies and as you can imagine it leads to severe problems and a compromised immune system. Other types of phagocytes are besophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes and Macrophages. Besophils are very rare in the body, they make up less than 1% of white blood cells. They d not do much as a result and simply help respond to infections. Eosinophils help ingulf parasites and discharge destructive enzymes to damage invading cells. They also kill parasitic eggs and worms. Monocytes are also very rare in the body, the less monocytes in the body the better. They replenish Macrophages and also help against infection. Finally we have Macrophages. They are cells that eat invaders and are involved in primary and innate immun response. For example they can be found in the lungs where they clean foreign debirs so they do not cause any problems. They usually remain stationed at specific posts in the body where foreign materials often enter. Anything that passes by the macrophages is scanned and if something is suspicious they engluf it. Once englufed the macrophage cereates an enzyme that neutral izes the invader so it becomes harmless and connot replicate and they preserve the antigen so that in the future it can be recognized and dealt with faster. The two kinds of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes start out in the bone marrow and from there they either stay and mature into B cells or they leave for the thymus gland, where they mature into T cells. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes have different functions. B lymphocytes are like the bodys military intelligence system, they seek out their targets and send defenses to lock onto them and track them down. T cells on the other hand are like the soldiers, destroying the invaders that the intelligence systems (B cells) have identified. Antibodies are very specific Y-shaped proteins. For example an antibody produced against the influenza virus is not effective against HIV. These Y-shaped tails of the proteins are very similar, no matter which type of anti-body. Variation may only be produced in the outer edge of each arm, the area where the anti-body combines with the antigen. Antigen markers are different depending on the virus, for example the antigen marker of the influenza virus is different from that of the HIV virus. Each antigen is accompanied by its own antibody, shape wise. The markers of an antigen are located on the membrane of the virus or bacterium. After each attachment of an antibody, the antibody-antigen combination makes it more conspicuous, making it easy to be destroyed by wandering microphage. Antibodies prevent poisons and toxins from destroying cells with receptor sites, found on different cells. This might explain why some poisons affect the nervous system, while others affect digestive or circulatory systems. This receptor site is designed to hold either a hormone or a specific nutrient. Specialized geometrical structures allow toxins and poisons to become attached to the receptor sites on cell membranes. After bring attached, the poison is ingested by the cell, which the receptor site mistakes for hormones or nutrients, absorbing the poison. Antibodies then interfere with the poison so that the structure created is not recognized by the receptor cell. Receptor sites are also used by viruses as entry ports. As the virus injects its hereditary material into the cell, it leaves an outer protein coat in the entry port. The outer coat allows the virus to rest in different locations. For example the cold virus has the geometrical shape to allow it to attach the lung cells. How the Body Recognizes Harmful Antigens As the T-cell scouts, it looks for foreign bodies posing a threat to its survival. The macrophages then attack the invader, engulfing it. As the macrophage presses the antigen into its cell membrane, it couples with the T-cell, also known as a helper T-cell. The T-cell then reads the shape of the antigen and releases a chemical messenger called lymphokine. The B-cells divide into clones because of the lymphokine. A second message is then sent from the helper T-cell to the B-cell, allowing the production of antibodies. A specific type of antibody is produced by each B-cell. Antibodies are attached to their cell membranes by the time the B-cells enter the circulatory system. The Killer T-cell is an activated additional defender if the helper T-cell. These lymphokines go out for one purpose, which is to destroy. After being activated, the killer T-cells puncture through the cell membrane of the invader, which may differ from a protozoan parasite to a bacterium. Viruses are very different from the rest, as they hide within the structure of the cell. As the viral coat is found attached to the cell`s membrane, the T-cell attacks the infected cell. Killing the infected cell prevents the reproduction of the virus. Mutated cells are also destroyed by Killer T-cells. This process is extremely important as some of the altered cells may be cancerous. Getting cancerous virus or not depends on the success of the Killer T-cell. The bodys` rejection of organ transplants depend on Killer T-cells. Antigen markers on the organ will be recognized as foreign, sending the Killer T-cells in. Immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporine can slow down the Killer T cells. After the battle is done, and won, a different type of T-cell, the suppressor T-cell, signals the immune system to shut down. Communication between Suppressor T-cells and Helper T-cells is vital, allowing the immune system to know how many antibodies to produce to contain the antigens. Phagocytes clean the area, removing the dead and injured cells, and tissue begins to repair and replace. As previously mentioned, helper T-cells must read a blue print of the invader before the B-cells can produce antibodies. This information is stored so that later infections can be destroyed before the microbe can cause any harm. Immunity is based on maintaining a good number of antibodies. Its believed that memory-B cells are generated during the infection to hold an imprint of the antigen or antigens that characterize the invader. Most b and t cells produced die off within a few days; but memory B-cells remain. It can identify the enemy and quickly mobilize antibody-producing B-cells to defeat invading pathogens before they can establish themselves. As long as the memory B-cell survives, a person is immune to the disease, which is why a person cannot catch chicken pox more than once. Proteins also play a role in the bodys line of defence. When foreign organisms are present in the body, antimicrobial plasma proteins called complement proteins are activated. There are about 20 known types of complement proteins. Under normal conditions these proteins are inactive. When invading microbes trigger them however they in turn work as messengers. The complement proteins gather and initiate an attack on the cell membranes of the foreign organism. The proteins will then form a protective coating around the invader; this seals the invading cell immobilizing it. A second group punctures the cell membrane, this causes water to rush in and burst the cell. The tiny microbes become less soluble and more susceptible to phagocytes by leukocytes. All of these specialized cells are parts of the immune response system that offer the body protection against disease. This protection is called immunity. The Several Types of Immunity Innate Immunity Innate immunity is often called natural immunity, everyone is born with it, it is a general protection. It refers to basic resistance to germs or diseases that other species possess. For example, if a human has HIV their dog wont get HIV because it has innate immunity to that disease. Innate immunity works in both ways something that makes us sick wont get another species sick and something that gets another species sick wont get us sick. The Responses in innate immunity are Broad and non specific. The molecules used have a limited repertoire of recognition. It is a first line of defense. Innate immunity includes the external barriers of the body, like the skin and mucous membranes, which are the first line of defense in preventing diseases from entering the body. If this outer defensive wall is broken, the skin attempts to heal quickly and the second line of defence becomes involved. Adaptive Immunity The second kind of protection is adaptive/active immunity, it develops throughout our lives. Adaptive immunity involves the lymphocytes and develops as people are exposed to diseases or immunized against diseases through vaccination. With all kinds of diseases constantly exposed we adapt out bodies by taking vaccinations to become immune to them. Passive Immunity Passive immunity isan immunity borrowed externally from another source and it is temporary. For example, antibodies in a mothers breast milk provide the baby with temporary immunity to diseases. This helps protect the baby against infections during childhood when the babys body is still in early stages of development and not very strong. Everyones immune system is different. Some people never seem to get infections,while others seem to be sick all the time. As we grow older, we gradually become more immune to more germs as our immune system comes into contact with more and more of them. Matching tissues for organ transplant The main challenge is the immune response of the recipient- their immune systems ability to distinguish between self and non-self. The donor organ is often identified as an invader by distinct markers on its cell membrane, MHC or Major histocompatibility complex. MHC is a protein fingerprint unique to each person so the recipient will make antibodies to destroy what it thinks is a foreign invader. To reduce rejections, attempts are made to match donor MHC with that of the recipient as closely as possible. For living donor transplants, physicians usually look to close relatives because the MHC is genetically controlled. The better the match, the greater the chances of long term success. To help reduce rejection factor in deceased donor transplants, (because deceased donor transplants cannot usually have as close of an MHC as relatives) immunosuppressant drugs can be given, but it will also reduce the immune systems ability to fight off invading viruses and bacteria; placing these patients at risk of infections. Malfunctions of the immune system: Abnormal functions of the immune system can give rise to two types of problems: immune deficiency diseases and inappropriate attacks of the immune system against nonthreatening agents. Immune deficiency diseases may be caused by a foreign agent, such as the HIV virus which attacks t-cells, or a hereditary condition such as the severe combined immune deficiency SCID. Inappropriate or exaggerated immune response can also create problems. Hypersensitivity or response is where the immune system attacks normal cells in ones own body, which can destroy tissues and organs. Allergies Allergies occur when the immune system mistakes harmless cells for harmful invaders. If youre allergic to peanuts, your body recognizes one of its proteins as dangerous. Although its safe, your body immobilizes the antibody strike force against it. Increased tissue swelling, mucous secretion, and sometimes constricted air passages are all part of the immune response. Dust, ragweed and strawberries, do not pose any threat to life but the immune response can be so severe that it becomes life threatening. A sever food allergy is called an anaphylactic reaction which involves the respiratory and circulatory systems accompanied by hives, itching and swelling. When you eat a food to which youre allergic, the cells that believe they are in danger release histamine. It changes the cells of the capillaries, increasing permeability. The enlarged capillary causes the area to redden. White blood cells leave the capillary in search for the invader altering osmotic pressure. Proteins in extracellu lar fluids create another osmotic force to oppose it. Anaphylactic shock can occur very quickly and weakness, sweating and difficulty breathing indicate the condition. Medial precautions include carrying a kit with adrenaline (Epipen). Autoimmune Disease The immune system can make mistakes and launch an attack on the bodys own cells. Mutated T and B cells are capable of attacking the body but are usually held in check be suppressor T cells. The failure of suppressor T cells can cause diseases such as arthritis and rheumatic fever, all of which can scar the heart muscle. Drugs and serious infections can weaken suppressor T cells leaving the body vulnerable to autoimmune disease. The number of suppressor T cells also declines with age, and this explains the commonness of arthritis in the elderly. Stem cell research: The answer for replacing damaged tissues may lie in stem cell research rather than transplantation. Stem cells can differentiate and develop into a variety of different tissues such as epithelial tissue, muscle tissue or nerve tissue. Stem cells in the skin continuously replace cells that are sloughed off, give rise to a wide range of blood cells that protect against foreign invaders and identify human cells that have mutated, such as cancer cells. Stem cells are pluripotent cells that can give rise to different types of body cells. Precast Concrete: Advantages and Disadvantages Precast Concrete: Advantages and Disadvantages Jump to: Advantages of Precast Concrete Construction  | Disadvantages of Precast Concrete Construction 1.1 Introduction Precast concrete is a form of construction, where concrete is cast in a reusable mould or â€Å"form† which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. By producing precast concrete in a controlled environment (precast plant), the precast concrete is provides the opportunity to properly cure and be closely monitored by plant employees. There are many different types of precast concrete forming systems for architectural applications, differing in size, function and cost. The advantages of using precast concrete is the increased quality of the material, when formed in controlled conditions, and the reduced cost of constructing large forms used with concrete poured on site. It is used mainly in the construction of buildings with repetitive design and elements, such as schools and apartments. Every construction material system has its own characteristics which influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. This is also the case for precast concrete. Not only in comparison to steel, wood, masonry structures, but also with respect to cast in-situ concrete. Precast concrete members may be solid or may contain hollow cores. Many precast components have thinner cross sections than cast in situ concrete. Precast concrete may be either normal or lightweight concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be made in such a way that the completed precast structure has the same concept as a in-situ one. However, this is a wrong approach one, which is very labour intensive costly. If the full advantages of precast concrete are to be realized, the structure should be conceived according to its specific design philosophy: Long spans, appropriate stability concept, simple details,etc. Designers should from the very beginning of the project consider the possibilities, restrictions advantages of precast concrete, its details, manufacturer, transport, erection service stages before completing a design in precast concrete. Architectural precast concrete provides architects with an exciting medium when designing facades for a wide range of buildings, from healthcare facilities to shopping malls, commercial office buildings to sports stadiums. 1.2 History of IBS Concept of IBS in not new and can be traced back to as early 1624. In 1624, panellised timber houses were shipped from England to the new settlement in North America. In 1851 Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London and 1889 Eiffel Tower, Paris are the well-known examples of buildings which uses the method of precast in constructing the structure of the building itself. 1.3 Precast building system Precast building system is divided into 3 main parts: Precast concrete frame Precast concrete wall Precast concrete floor 1.3.1 PRECAST CONCRETE FRAME Description Precast concrete frames involve an entire structure being fabricated off-site. In addition, structural components can be supplied for incorporation into a structure on-site. Frames can simultaneously achieve both structural and decorative design requirements. A variety of mixes, colours and finishes can be used too. The precast frame is composed of precast column and beam. Process Precast concrete frames are cast in the same way as precast concrete cladding, but as they are designed as structural elements they have heavier reinforcement than required for non-structural cladding. Elegant connections are required between columns and beams to transfer considerable forces without affecting the visual appearance of the frame. 1.3.2 PRECAST CONCRETE WALL Description Many precast concrete walls are cast in a flat position at the building site. But they are still classified as precast, not sitecast. When the concrete is strong enough, the wall panels are lifted and placed in the desired positions for the building. This method is commonly known as tilt-up construction. Today such walls are lifted and placed with cranes, so that casting can make repeated use of single forms. Some wall units are cast in factories, where the form, quality of materials, and finishing can be more controlled. Because of their large size and weight, these walls cannot be transported to long distance from the factory. Thus, their use is limited to a short distance from the precast factory. Precast units for roof and floor structures are usually prestressed. However, precast wall units are usually conventionally reinforced with inert steel bars. Precast wall are used for internal external walls, lift shafts, central cores etc. Precast wall systems are mostly used in domestic construction, both for individual housing for apartments. The solution can be considered as the industrialized from of cast in-situ walls or classical brick or block masonry walls. 1.3.3 PRECAST CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB Precast concrete floor slab is the most fully standardized precast concrete elements. They are used for making floor and roof slabs. The principle advantages of precast floors are speed of construction, absence of scaffolding, large variety of types, large span capacity, economy. Precast floors can also be classified according to their manufacture into totally partially precast floors. Totally precast floors are composed of units, which are totally cast at the plant. After erection, the units are connected to the structure the longitudinal joints are grouted.In some cases a cast in-situ structural topping screed is added. Partially precast floors are composed of a precast part a cast in-situ part. Both parts are working together at the final stage to achieve the composite structural capacity. The main totally precast floor roof types are described hereafter. Pre cast hollow core slab Most widely used type of pre cast flooring highly efficient design and production 1.4 Advantages of Precast Concrete Construction Some of the advantages of using precast concrete construction are as follows: 1.4.1 Reduced Construction Time and Cost Precast concrete construction will save valuable time and helps to reduce the risk of project delay and possible monetary losses. Precast design and production of elements can be started while the construction site is under survey or earthworks. Production are also unaffected by weather conditions due to the controlled environment of the casting area. Also, the usage of large precast panels will reduce the time taken to complete the structural works. Therefore, other trades such as painting and electrical wiring can begin work sooner. In conventional construction method, time-consuming works such as formworks, scaffoldings and curing are needed to produce a structural element. In precast concrete construction method, structural elements are produced in manufacturing plants while other activities at the construction site proceed. When the structural elements are needed, they are immediately sent to the site and assembled continuously, forming the structural frame and enclosing the building. In precast concrete manufacturing plants, modern machineries are utilized with several technicians attending to certain production process. This greatly reduced the number of unskilled requirements. 1.4.2 High quality and aesthetical value of products Precast products are manufactured in a casting area where critical factors including temperature, mix design and stripping time can be closely checked and controlled; and this will ensure that the quality of precast products are better than cast-in-situ concrete. A huge sum of money will be saved by not having to do rectification works. Also due to factory-controlled prefabrication environment, many combinations of colours and textures can be applied easily to the architectural or structural pieces. A vast range of sizes and shapes of precast components can be produced, providing a great deal of flexibility and offer fresher looks to the structures. 1.4.3 Cleaner and safer construction sites Usage of precast elements eliminates or greatly reduces conventional formworks and props. Precast construction also lessens the problem of site wastages and the related environmental problems. The prefabricated products also provide a safe working platform for workers to work on. Workers and materials are also greatly reduced at the construction sites. Using Just-in-Time principles, the precast elements are kept at the factory yard until the site is ready for installation. Also, as elements are produced in the plant and mostly designed to be repetitive, minimal wastage will be experienced at both factory and construction sites. 1.4.4 Greater unobstructed span The usage of prestressed precast solutions such as the Hollow Core slabs and Double-T beams offer greater unobstructed span than the conventional reinforced concrete elements. Having lesser beams and columns, will provide larger open space. It is very ideal for the construction of places of worship, warehouses, halls, car parks, shops and offices. 1.4.5 Lower total construction costs All of the above simplify the construction processes and increase productivity, quality and safety. As a result, the total costs of construction are reduced. More often than not, most of the opponents of precast construction only use the costs of materials in comparing the in-situ and precast construction without realising that there are hidden costs to the traditional methods. Also a contributing factor to the low usage is the fact that Malaysia has always been able to source cheap labours from neighbouring countries. Therefore, the industry players are very reluctant to change to the new construction methods. As a result, the country is faced by problems of low quality, productivity and safety in the construction industry due to high dependency of manual labour. The country also suffers from the outflow of monies as well as social problems. If the labour supply experience sudden reduction while demand remains the same, labour costs will definitely be increased and produce more prob lems to the industry. 1.4.6 Increased Quality of Structural Elements Precast concrete elements produced in plants using modern techniques and machineries. Raw materials such as concrete, sand, and reinforcement bars are under high level of quality control. Formworks used are of higher quality than those used at construction sites. This allows truer shapes and better finishes in precast components. Precast components have higher density and better crack control, offering better protection from harsh weathers and sound insulation. High density is achieved by using vibrating table or external vibrators placed on formworks. Precast concrete also provide better fire resistance for reinforcement bars. When compared to in situ concrete, this reduces the amount of long-term movement, which needs to be recognized in building design. 1.4.7 Increased Durability and Load Capacity of Structural Elements Prestressed precast concrete components have high structural strength and rigidity, which are important to support heavy loads. This allows shallow construction depth and long span in structural components. Fewer supporting columns or walls result in larger floor space, which allow more flexibility in interior design. Dense precast and prestressed concrete components are cast-in with smooth steel, concrete or fiberglass. This result in components with smooth surfaces which resist moisture penetration, fungus and corrosion. High density concrete reduces the size and quantity of surface voids thus resisting accumulation of dirt and dust. Precast concrete components are more durable to acid attack, friction, corrosion, impact, abrasion, and other environment effects. Precast concrete structures have longer service years and require minimal repairs and maintenance. 1.5 Disadvantages of Precast Concrete Some of the drawbacks of using precast concrete construction are as follows: 1.5.1 High Capital Cost A large amount of resources must be invested initially to set up a precast concrete plant. Sophisticated machineries are expensive and require heavy investment. Percast concrete is mainly used in construction of high-rise buildings and flats, which are atleast 5 storeys high. Precast concrete is also utilized in construction of housing estates where the design of houses is uniform. Other projects where precast concrete is suitable are large stadiums, halls, factories, awrehouses, airports and hangars. The scale of the construction projects using precast concrete must be large enough to ensure sufficient profit to offset the initial capital cost. 1.5.2 Sophisticated Connection Works The behaviour of connections determines the performance of precast concrete structures. When assembling of precast concrete structures, connections between precast components must be supervised and done properly. This way, the intended behaviour of a connection (simple, semi-rigid, or rigid) can be achieved. Apart from that, a good sound insulation can be provided and water leakage problem can be avoided. Skilled and well-trained labours are required to ensure proper connection is produced during erection stages, which lead to additional cost. 1.5.3 Transportation, Handling Difficulties and Modification Limitation Workers must be careful when handling precast concrete components to avoid damage. Precat components are manufactures in plants, which are not always situated in the area of the construction sites. Precast components must be carried from the plants to the sites using trailers. Usually, precast components are large and heavy, creating difficulties in transportation. Upon arrival at the sites, portable cranes or tower cranes will lift the precast components into place for erection. Usually, to increase the speed of construction, several cranes are used requiring large space. Proper construction planning and site management is a must. Workers be well trained to ensure that precast components are positioned and connected properly to avoid cases where the columns, beams, walls, or slabs are not well aligned, dislocated or out of plane. Precast concrete system is not flexible when future modification is taken into account. For example, the walls of a flat built using load bearing precast w alls cannot be demolished for renovation purposes, as this will affect the stability of the entire precast structure. 1.6 Precast Concrete Construction in Malaysia The usage of precast building system is gaining popularity in Malaysia because of its many advantages such as high quality structural finishes, less labour force, shorter time of completion and saves cost. In the construction industry today, the usage of cast in-situ method is not so practical and effective especially when it is in a large scale construction. Therefore, the usage of precast components is the best alternative to fulfill the needs in large scale constructions. The precast concrete concept is ideal to suit the future demands of higher specifications and performance for the commercial, industrial, civic and domestic buildings. Precast building system or commonly known as IBS (Industrialized Building Systems) in Malaysia has many advantages if it is compared to the traditional cast in situ system. Production of precast components such as beams, columns and slabs were done in the factory thus ensuring high quality control for each component. Structures of precast building can be quickly erected on site and the delays due to concrete curing and concrete formwork removal can be reduced resulting in shorter completion time of construction. Besides that, precast system requires lesser amount of labour force. 1.6.1 Development of IBS in Malaysia IBS in Malaysia has begun in early 1960s when Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries to learn about precast concrete construction and evaluate their housing development program. After their successful visit in 1964, the government had started first project on IBS aims to speed up the delivery time and built affordable and quality houses. Precast concrete construction started in Malaysia with the production of 7 blocks of 17-storey flat, 4 blocks of 4-storey flat and 40 units of shop house opposite the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital at the intersection of Jalan Pekeliling and Jalan Pahang. This project used the Larsen-Nielson system from Denmark. The second construction project, which used precast concrete, was the construction of 6 blocks of 17-storey flat, 3 blocks of 18-storey flat and 66 units of shop house along Jalan Rifle, Penang. This project used the Frenchs Estior system. Since then, numerous precast structures such as high-ris es, car parks, warehouses, factories, housings and retail units have been built all over the country. Some latest examples are the Telekom Headquarter in KL, townhouses in Cyberjaya, City Square in Johor Bahru, Putra Mosque in Putrajaya and Metal Pak Factory in Shah Alam. Today, the use of IBS as a method of construction in Malaysia is evolving. Many private companies in Malaysia have teamed up with foreign expert from Australia, United States and Japan to offer precast solution to their project. In addition, more and more local manufacturers have established themselves in the market. Precast, steel frame and other IBS were used as hybrid construction to build national landmark such as Bukit Jalil Sport Complex, LRT and Petronas Twin Tower. It was reported that at least 21 of various manufacturers and suppliers of IBS are actively promoting their system in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the government of Malaysia still feels that the usage of IBS is low despite the possible potential. From the survey conducted by CIDB of Malaysia in 2003, the usage level of IBS in local construction industry stands at 15%. The total registered IBS contractors in Malaysia stand for 1,993 in year 2007 and registered IBS manufacture in Malaysia until 2007 is 138 producing 347 IBS products available in the market. Most of the local developed products are based on traditional materials such as reinforced concrete and the most innovative materials are based on imported technology. Previously in the RMK-7, the country intend to construct about 800,000 units of houses for its population using the IBS and 58,500 units planned for the low medium cost houses. However the achievements are disappointing with only 20% completed houses reported due to use of conventional construction method. 1.6.2 IBS as Mass Construction Method The term IBS is often misinterpreted with negative meaning as it is always linked with industrialized buildings that were built in 1960s. These buildings are normally associated with prefabricated mass construction method, low quality buildings, leakages, abandoned projects, unpleasant architectural appearances and other drawbacks. Due to the poor architectural design, the old prefabriacted buildings have given the pbulic bad impression about precast concrete. There have been quiet a number of cases where the use of IBS had lead to such drawbacks. For example, in the case of Pekeliling Flats in Kuala Lumpur and Taman Tun Sardon, Gelugor, Penang. These 2 early prefabricated flats were constructed in mass to produce low cost accomodation for lower income groups. However, the design was very basic and not considering the service aspects like the need for wet toilets and bathrooms. Lacking in this design consideration leads to problems of leakage that becomes the common issue with precast buildings. In addition, in many cases the low cost housings are not maintained properly, thus contributing further to the poor image of IBS buildings. 1.6.3 Characteristics of IBS Industrial production of components though prefabrication. Reduced labour during prefabrication of components and site works. Modern design and manufacturing method using CAD/CAM. Systematic Quality Control i.e ISO 9000. Open Building System i.e permitting hybrid applications. 1.6.4 Why IBS Budget Speech 2005: The Government is determined to ensure that every Malaysian will have access to affordable homes. During the period 1971-2003, the Government constructed 490,000 units of low-cost houses. The government intends to provide an additional 100,000 units of affordable homes to be implemented through the Industrialised Building System (IBS).This system will ensure quality, save cost, create a safer and cleaner working environment as well as reduce the dependence of foreign workers 1.6.5 Social Problems Currently 75 foreign workers out of 100 construction workers. There are 318,000 foreign workers in Malaysian Construction Industry Let say one foreign worker gain RM400 per month; RM400.00 x 12 months = RM5,000 per year, 318,000 x RM5,000 = RM 1.59 Billion per year It shows the High outflow of Ringgit 1.6.6 Types of IBS The construction method can be classified into 4 categories:

The 21st Century School Librarian Essay -- Educational Issues

The 21st Century school librarian is no longer just the caretaker of the book collection. Technology is transforming the education system and the way children are taught. This paper discusses the many roles and issues that the teacher-librarian plays in creating a flexible 21st Century learning environment. 21ST Century School Library Media Specialist The roles discussed in the articles written by school librarians Mashriqi (2011), Ballard (2008), and Marcoux (2010) were similar in strategies needed for running an effective media center today. The common theme was the importance in being able to evaluate what will help the school meet the needs of todays learners and to connect the curriculum with â€Å"hands-on† learning experiences. By demonstrating knowledge and current technological skills the media specialist connects the library with teachers, students, administration and parents with information and resources to promote literacy. Technology integration is accomplished by using resources that reflect content standards. To focus on the relationship between education technology and student learning engaging games is one way to achieve the goals with positive results. Digital Tools Todays’ school library media specialist applies trends related to the use of technology in education to support integration throughout the curriculum. Being literate in the 21st Century involves teaching both â€Å"traditional† literacy and how to read and produce the kinds of texts typical of the emerging information and multimedia age. Benthem (2010) points out that to have an effective school library program it needs to be an ongoing work in progress. Literacy development does impact student learning through the use of digital technologies, includ... ...upport emergent literacy skill development for young children at-risk or who have disabilities. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(3), 233-239. Peterson, J. (2011). Finding focus: Using digital cameras in library programming. Children & Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children, 9(3), 48-51. Poinier, S., & Alevy, J. (2010). Our instruction does matter! Data collected from students' works cited speaks volumes. Teacher Librarian, 37(3), 38-39. Sugar, W., & Holloman, H. (2009). Technology leaders wanted: Acknowledging the leadership role of a technology coordinator. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 53(6), 66-75. Zabel, D., & Hickey, D. (2011). The reuse evangelist: Taking ownership of copyright questions at your library. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 51(1), 9-11.