tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16609713676294601542023-06-20T06:14:54.034-07:00Writing a scholarly paperMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.comBlogger178125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-45515784845104444092020-08-26T13:00:00.001-07:002020-08-26T13:00:08.960-07:00Accounting Client Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsBookkeeping Client Response - Essay Example ng research issueââ¬â¢, guaranteeing opportune and refreshed data and news about the arrival of new bookkeeping guidelines to significant clients and mitigating the ââ¬Ërisk of resistance with measures making the writing simpler to useââ¬â¢. (Web: fasb.org) It is advantageous to feature the reality after a broad examination on FASB codification that renting had a complete volume of worth US $760billion alone in 2007 (before downturn) however because of the intricacies of monetary announcing norms, a mammoth entirety of those rent contracts went unreported in budget summaries of different business substances. Maybe, the principle purpose for this was the way that leases were partitioned into two classifications, for example, Operating leases and Capital or Finance rents by IFRSs and US GAAP and bookkeepers perceived just the benefits and liabilities emerging from Capital leasesââ¬â¢ in the companyââ¬â¢s monetary record. Then again, ââ¬Ëfor a working lease the tenant basically perceived rent installments as a cost over the rent termââ¬â¢. This distinction in recording of rent contracts and their order prompted diverse specialized issues, for example, misjudging and confounding by bookkeeping clients who would in general accept that all rent contracts builds ââ¬Ëassets and liabilities so they ought to be perceived in the fiscal summaries of residents and subsequently routinely balanced those sums in their monetary records to assess resources/liabilities impacts coming about because of working lease contracts.ââ¬â¢ Secondly, the arrangement of agreements additionally came about in ââ¬Ësimilar exchanges being represented distinctively and diminishing equivalence for clients of bookkeeping information.ââ¬â¢ And thirdly, the distinction in revealing the two sorts ââ¬Ëprovided chances to structure exchanges in order to accomplish a specific rent classification.ââ¬â¢ (News Release, 2009) It was because of the above issues as characterized by FASB, it alongside IASB concocted another methodology in which order of Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-32774352124831945982020-08-22T08:16:00.001-07:002020-08-22T08:16:05.050-07:00Botticellis Spring Essay Example For StudentsBotticellis Spring Essay The renaissance was a period of brilliant workmanship, however one craftsman specifically stuck out, that was Sandro Botticelli. This man made the absolute most prestigious bits of workmanship in European history; one extraordinary artwork was Allegory of Spring. This legendary fine art was a stunning change from the regularity of past occasions. Botticellis Allegory of Spring, painted in 1482, is one of the most exceptional and bewildering bits of renaissance craftsmanship with the wondrous images, style, story of the piece and furthermore the fascinating history of Botticelli himself. Botticelli is viewed as perhaps the best craftsman of the Renaissance; probably the best work was Allegory of Spring. Botticelli, initially named Alessandro di Mariano Filiapepi, was conceived in Florence, Italy in 1445. He was nicknamed Botticelli; which means little barrel, this name was initially offered to his more seasoned sibling yet for reasons unknown gave to and received by his younger sibling 4:68. He was initial a student to a goldsmith, however at about age thirteen or fourteen he quit preparing and exchanged to painting. He was an understudy to Filippo Lippi. This keeps an eye on style framed a considerable lot of Botticellis early works. Botticelli additionally worked with painter and etcher Antonio del Pollaiuolo. Botticelli had his own workshop by 1470; there he went through the majority of his time on earth working for some incredible families in Florence at that point, particularly the Medici family. As one of the craftsman in the court of Lorenzo de Medici, he was enormously impacted by its Christian Neoplatonism 5:7. In light of this he attempted to accommodate old style and Christian perspectives. In spite of the fact that working for himself a ton he was likewise charged by numerous others. He joined Perugino, Ghirlandaio, and Rosselli from 1481 for one year to paint frescos for the Sistine Chapel. Botticelli worked with some noteworthy craftsman of the Florentine Renaissance, which would shape and change his style of painting. Botticellis works are viewed as a milestone of high renaissance. He made the absolute most prominent works of this time. His initial pieces were for the most part of the virgin and youngster 1:78. He initially became well known when in 1470 he was open authorized to paint Fortitude, which would be hung in the Trade law court in Florence. One of his first genuine achievements was the formation of the Adoration of the Magi, which he painted around 1473-1475. This work of art veered away from a portion of his prior increasingly sullen substance. This was one of the main pieces dispatched by the Medici family, who for this situation gave numerous rules for the youthful Botticelli to follow. Botticelli would proceed to paint Portrait of an obscure man with an emblem of Cosimo the Elder, in a similar timeframe 5:42. At that point he would make one of the most notable Allegory of Spring, very unique topic from times before with the originations of fanciful characters and a characterized plot. At that point in 1481 he went to Rome to deal with frescos of the Sistine Chapel requested by Pope Sixtus IV. After this he proceeded to make the sister painting to Allegory of Spring, Birth of Venus. Botticelli kept on making gallant gems depicting various stories and characters. He painted a variety of strict fine art just as pictures and legendary pieces. He was a balanced painter who will impact the craftsmanship world for a considerable length of time after his passing in 1510. Botticellis style of painting was a blend of the impacts of his instructor, yet the time and his own inventive vitality help decide quite a bit of his work. Botticelli was a student to Lippi who had an enormous impact and him characterized a significant number of his initial works. Lippi showed Botticelli the idea of drawing plots, this was to make the impact of straightforwardness, and to give the artistic creation a specific smoothness and amicability 2:69. A watcher can see this in a large number of Botticellis work including Allegory of Spring. Botticelli was additionally impacted by the Pollaiolo sibling whom he likewise works with. These men showed him emotive power and furthermore the utilization of shading. An undeniable thought, which can be seen in a considerable lot of Botticellis symbolic artistic creations, including Allegory of Spring, is the more prominent measure of glow, just as a milder look of pride 2:70. Metallica EssayThe cupid that is motioned to is Amor, the lord of enthusiastic love. Love, or Eros to the Greek, is the winged child of Mars and Venus. This can be seen by the bow, which he conveys and furthermore the bolts, quiver and blindfold. Just underneath Amor is the goddess of adoration and magnificence, Venus. Venus expands her hand toward the three graces to regulate their move. On the extreme right is the frigid blue divine force of the west breezes, Zephyrus. He grasps Chloris; he is changing her from sprite into Flora the goddess of spring; Flora is the figure among Chloris and Venus. This artistic creation is Botticellis origination of spring in an opposite agnostic idea. One of Botticellis most noteworthy augmentations to the craftsmanship he made was the stunning imagery inside. The emblematic importance to this work of art is while spring stirs the world to the magnificence, Venus utilizes love to turn the human heart to certainties divine (1:78). This canvas is generally founded on the excellence and reestablishment of life in spring, it likewise center around adoration. Venus, the middle purpose of this artwork mixes the blossoms to existence with her warm breezes. Venus is the image of spring this is seen by the decoration of blossoms by the graces. She, not just an image of spring, speaks to human advancement, administering the world and the activities of men. There are numerous understandings of Venus, another thought is the depiction of otherworldly love, with over her, a bound Cupid during the time spent shooting one of his bolts. Further to one side are the three graces, beneficiary fingers weaved, their hair gently waving and their straightforward dresses, they are moving agreeably, while Mercury disperses the mists from the bloom filled nursery, with his caduceus. This wooden stick with two snakes contorting around it, is an image of medication (3:2). Mercury himself isn't just an attractive youth however a revealer of reality as he contacts the mists to uncover the riddles (1:78). The characters in this piece have an incredible delineation of the musings of Botticelli. The work of art itself has numerous hidden implications, too. For instance, the blooming gardens speak to the illustration for the richness of Flora. Chloris and Flora are similar individuals in this artwork however they are depicting the transformation they she is going toss. The graces may represent freedom. These increments to the canvas that Botticelli made affected the manner in which numerous individuals see him and his work. This compositions topic is essentially founded on the clear images and portrayals. Botticelli had a genuine endowment of including and seeing all part of fine art while making this piece. In Birth of Venus a great part of a similar imagery continues to include intrigue and an individual touch to his work. Huge numbers of Botticellis replacements owe uch to this man who cleared a brilliant street to the utilization of imagery. The images, the story line, the style of this fine art all meet up to frame an amicable origination that the recharging of spring brings. Botticellis each brush stroke implies the magnificence and otherworldliness of the legendary story portrayed in this piece. Botticelli enlivens the serenity and wealth of new life to Venus garden. This canvas is genuinely a feature of Renaissance culture and workmanship at its top, with the liquid brush strokes, the graceful characters and the genuine significance of spring united. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-88979092850226510312020-08-19T18:21:00.001-07:002020-08-19T18:21:03.723-07:00CPW 2008 Another Highly Satisfied Customer! (Guest Entry)CPW 2008 Another Highly Satisfied Customer! (Guest Entry) By Omar Abudayyeh 12 While Iâm not cool enough to enroll at MIT on an iTouch or to dedicate myself to MIT for four years weeks before CPW, I am cool enough to now say, âI am enrolled at MIT!â In fact, I just enrolled moments before finishing this very blog entry and am proud of it. Now with that out of the wayâ¦Hi, Iâm Omar! I come from a small Midwestern town located on the lower left side of the palm that is Michigan (I wonder how many people actually get what I mean by palm :-p). After a two-hour flight, during which I met a matriculating Harvard Medical School student who tried to convince me to go to a public university, I was definitely ready for some MIT action. I left the plane and descended upon the luggage claim where I met my first MIT friend, Shubhi. Although I never saw her again during CPW, theres no one like your first MIT prefrosh friend (words of wisdom). To those who have heard rumors of a clandestine, transcendental chat group full of amazing people, let me assure you. There is an MIT 2012 chat room (commercial: if you would like to be part of this, for a one time only fee of five dollars (just kidding) you can join this interesting bunch by going to your favorite AIM client and joining the chatroom âMIT12â). And here are our trusty sidekicks: For the past few months, while waiting for my MIT decision and even after it, the chatroom provided me with my daily MIT fix. We laughed, we cried, we made fun of Harvard and Caltech, and we anxiously awaited CPW. All of us chat people became closeknit and couldnât wait to meet at CPW. When I stepped off the Peter Pan bus onto MITâs campus, I looked around hoping to spot someone I know. As I edged closer to the student center, I saw some people doing an odd version of the cha cha slide and by the time I turned on my trusty, dandy, handheld video camera with laser deathbeam and all, I had realized that they were all MIT12 chatters! (They are all going to punch me at orientation for posting that picture.) My first duty on campus after registration, of course, was to find the admissions office. I quickly scanned the doors in the infinite corridor until I found: After the chat group finished taking pictures we knocked on the door and an MIT student asked, âAre you prefrosh?â and we just giggled and nodded yes and she told us that all of the admissions officers were in the student center. We didnt care though, we got what we came for: a picture of the names. Now, one of my personal goals during CPW was to collect as many free shirts as possible. While I ended up only getting 4, I still came away feeling like I had somewhat accomplished my goal. Two of the shirts were actually unexpected, while the other two I snagged from the enourmous activities fair. While I do not have a picture of the activities fair, I do have a picture of the CPW festival, which was held in the same place and looks exactly the same as the activities fair minus a naked guy in a box. At the activities fair, I saw Paul again and he was at my favorite booth. He works on the MIT Undergraduate Research Journal and if I recall correctly is going to be co-Editor-in-Chief next year. This journal rocks and so I did what any prefrosh would doI put my email address on the list to get more information from them. I ended up obtaining another shirt from the Arab Students Organization (ASO). This one is my favorite shirt since it spells âMassachusetts Institute of Technologyâ in Arabic. Yeah, you wish you had one of these. While on the subject of the ASO, let me go off on a tangent and say that I am very impressed with how MIT regards religion on campus. I went to a Muslim Students Association event held in the Religious Activities Center and it was amazing. There was a well-furnished prayer hall filled with everything a Muslim student would need. Out of all the universities I visited, MIT treats religion the best. End tangent here. Aside from rocking out in Rock Band throughout CPW some of the highlights of my trip at MIT included: 1) CPW Welcome My favorite part about the welcome was definitely the MIT Logarhythms, MITâs all-male a cappella group. For your enjoyment, here are two of the songs they performed: Here in Your Arms: Thanks to Sam 12 for uploading this second video for me :-). 2) Battle of the Bands In this event, I received my fourth free shirt as one of the bands threw a shirt and I luckily pushed and shoved people and caught it. At first I was like âMeh another shirt,â but then someone pointed out to me that the band members on the shirt actually spell out âMITâ and then I was like âOMG this shirt rocks!â and I walked around feeling victorious. 3) Walking on the Harvard Bridgeâ¦like a bajillion times! I quickly found the Skullhouse fraternity on the other side of the river to be a nice safe haven for breakfast, snacks, Monster energy drinks, and, of course, Rock Band. As a result, I trekked a few times back and forth the Harvard bridge, killing my feet in the process. Thatâs ok though because otherwise I wouldnât have been able to stomp on something that relates to Harvard and I wouldnât have taken this picture below, which adequately describes how I feel now as the orientation approaches and the next four years edge closer. 4) Bouncy Ball Drop This event rocked. It absolutely rocked. There is nothing like being the target for 10,000 bouncy balls that are being subjected to the cold hearted fo rce that is gravity. One moment it was quiet and calm, the next moment it was raining bouncy balls. I must admit that the strobe light was a nice addition, especially since it helped illuminate the floor in our scramble to collect as many balls as possible. Right as we all began collecting balls though, the fine folks of Senior House began pelting us with water balloons. After being struck by the third water balloon, I decided it was time to high tail it over to the Meet the Bloggers event before I was late. 5) Meet the Bloggers With wet, soggy pants, I power walked through East Campus and the infinite corridor and reached the student center with time to spare. Inside, Ben Jones himself was preparing all the necessary supplies to make a scrumptious root bear float. The event eventually kicked off and all the bloggers filed in! After each person gave a brief introduction, everyone would clap and it was really funny as Ben and Snively got the loudest clapping/cheering. When the introductions were then, we were able to scoff down root beer floats and converse with the wondrous MIT blogging team. I got to chat with Ben, Matt, Paul, Snively, Melis, Mollie (College Confidential buddies!), and Chris. Chris by the way does look a lot taller in person. I think that is the general consensus. To top off the night, we did the obligatory group picture! 6) Underground Capture the Flag On the last night, a huge game of capture the flag took place in the vicinity of the infinite corridor. The underground tunnels, the main floor, and second floor were all fair game and made for an interesting battle. While my feet were killing me at this point due to the continuous walking for three days, I toughed it out and played offense with Sam â12. We snuck around for most of the game, until we were deep in red territory (we were Blue) and were spotted. I made a run for it and somehow ended up out of bounds. Nevertheless, I hid around a corner for five minutes, but just as I felt I was safe again, a red person came out of nowhere and took me to jail where I found Sam â12 sitting. Then just moments later, we found out the game had ended and everyone walked back to lobby 10 to find out that the Red team had dominated. Well, at least itâs âbetter dead, than red.â 7) Math until you die I died after 30 minutes. Here are the poor souls who I left behind: While I only stayed 30 minutes, the math involving group theory and topology was still fairly interesting. 8) Simmons Hall After seeing the tour, I absolutely fell in love with Simmons and will be putting it as my first choice (disclaimer: all feelings I express now are subject to change). Letâs start with the basics: a) Meditation Room b) Cool architecture c) Random walls that jut out d) A very new feel (maybe because it is new) e) Amazing, hard-to-reach views (can you guess where in Simmons this was?) If I decide I donât want Simmons anymore, I would definitely choose Baker. I think Baker made the cut when I saw this board filled with physics. It reminded me of The Big Bang Theory, one of my favorite shows. If neither Simmons nor Baker work out, I could always live in the best room on campus. The study area within the great dome! I must say that MIT has really shown itself to be a safe campus. Itâs great to know that campus police have thought about every possible situation and have come up with ways to protect the student body. This really puts my parents at ease too. After walking past this excellent hack, I was innocently rickrolled (yes, Im streching the meaning of the term) as someone was cruelly playing Rick Astleys music video for Never Gonna Give You Up in the hallway. Of all places! The welcome ceremony was also entertaining, giving us another performance by the MIT Logs and an amusing act by a guy with Chinese Yo-yos. Click here to see their performance of Save Room by John Legend. At the end, I saw none other than Ben Jones himself and got a picture along with Pam â12: Overall, CPW was a great way to experience MIT in a fun way (I hear its not like this at all next year, go figure). It was so much fun that it persuaded me to enroll. I cannot wait to be a full fledged MIT freshman next Fall. I visited a few classes, such as Physics II (not too bad), Linear Algebra (I understood it all yay :-) ), and Applied Electromagnetics: From Motors to Lasers (cool stuff). The premed panel was also very helpful. I was afraid Id come to MIT, leave with a bad GPA, and end up practicing medicine in my parents basement, but its not true! Just about 90% of premed undergrads get into med school :-). I am very happy to say: Only four months left! Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-66572790232613522112020-05-24T12:01:00.001-07:002020-05-24T12:01:04.113-07:00Matrimonium Types of Roman Marriage Living together, prenuptial agreements, divorce, religious wedding ceremonies, and legal commitments all had a place in ancient Rome. The Romans were unlike other Mediterranean people in that they made marriage a union between social equals instead of valuing submissiveness in women. Motives for Marriage In ancient Rome, if you planned to run for office, you could increase your chances of winning by creating a political alliance through the marriage of your children. Parents arranged marriages to produce descendants to tend the ancestral spirits. The name matrimonium with its root mater (mother) shows the principle objective of the institution, namely the creation of children. Marriage could also improve social status and wealth. Some Romans even married for love, an uncommon thing for the historical time period! The Legal Status of Marriage Marriage was not a state affairââ¬âat least it wasnt until Augustus made it his business. Before that the rite was a private matter discussed only between husband and wife and their families. Nonetheless, there were legal requirements so it wasnt just automatic. People getting married had to have the right to marry, or the connubium. Connubium is defined by Ulpian (Frag. v.3) to be uxoris jure ducendae facultas, or the faculty by which a man may make a woman his lawful wife. -Matrimonium Who Had the Right to Marry? Generally, all Roman citizens and some non-citizen Latins had connubium. However, there was no connubium between patricians and plebeians until the Lex Canuleia (445 B.C.). The consent of both patres familias (patriarchs) was required. Bride and groom must have reached puberty. Over time, examination to determine puberty gave way to standardization at age 12 for girls and 14 for boys. Eunuchs, who would never reach puberty, were not permitted to marry. Monogamy was the rule, so an existing marriage precluded connubium as did certain blood and legal relationships. The Betrothal, Dowry, and Engagement Rings Engagements and engagement parties were optional, but if an engagement were made and then backed out of, breach of contract would have had financial consequences. The brides family would give the engagement party and formal betrothal (sponsalia) between the groom and the bride-to-be (who was now sponsa). Dowry, to be paid after the marriage, was decided on. The groom might give his fiancà © an iron ring (anulus pronubis) or some money (arra). How Roman Matrimonium Differed from Modern Western Marriage Its in terms of property ownership that Roman marriage sounds most unfamiliar. Communal property was not part of marriage, and the children were their fathers. If a wife died, the husband was entitled to keep one fifth of her dowry for each child, but the rest would be returned to her family. A wife was treated as a daughter of the pater familias to whom she belonged, whether that was her father or the family into which she married. Distinctions Between Marriage Types Who had control of the bride depended on the type of marriage. A marriage in manum conferred the bride on the grooms family along with all her property. One not in manum meant the bride was still under the control of her pater familias. She was required to be faithful to her husband as long as she cohabited with him, however, or face divorce. Laws regarding dowry were probably created to deal with such marriages. A marriage ââ¬â¹in manum made her the equivalent of a daughter (filiae loco) in her husbands household. There were three types of marriages in manum: Confarreatio - Confarreatio was an elaborate religious ceremony with ten witnesses, the flamen dialis (himself married confarreatio), and pontifex maximus in attendance. Only the children of parents married confarreatio were eligible. The grain far was baked into a special wedding cake (farreum) for the occasion, hence the name confarreatio.Coemptio - In coemptio, the wife carried a dowry into the marriage, but was ceremoniously bought by her husband in front of at least five witnesses. She and her possessions then belonged to her husband. This was the type of marriage in which, according to Cicero, it is thought the wife declared ubi tu gaius, ego gaia, usually thought to mean where you [are] Gaius, I [am] Gaia, although gaius and gaia need not be praenomina or nomina*.Usus - After a years cohabitation, the woman came under her husbands manum, unless she stayed away for three nights (trinoctium abesse). Since she wasnt living with her paterfamilias, and since she wasnt under the han d of her husband, she acquired some freedom. Sine manu (not in manum) marriages, wherein a bride stayed within the legal control of her natal family, began in the third century B.C. and became the most popular by the first century A.D. In this popular model, the woman could own property and manage her own affairs if her father died. There was also a marital arrangement for slaves (contuberium) and between freedmen and slaves (concubinatus). Resource: *Ubi tu gaius, ego gaia. New Light on an Old Roman Legal Saw, by Gary Forsythe; Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte Bd. 45, H. 2 (2nd Qtr., 1996), pp. 240-241. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-66246717307287613602020-05-13T17:21:00.001-07:002020-05-13T17:21:04.147-07:00The Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean Overview The Gulf Stream is a strong, fast moving, warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It makes up a portion of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. The majority of the Gulf Stream is classified as a western boundary current. This means that it is a current with behavior determined by the presence of a coastline ââ¬â in this case, the eastern United States and Canada ââ¬â and is found on the western edge of an oceanic basin. Western boundary currents are normally very warm, deep, and narrow currents that carry water from the tropics to the poles. The Gulf Stream was first discovered in 1513 by the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and was then used extensively by Spanish ships as they traveled from the Caribbean to Spain. In 1786, Benjamin Franklin mapped the current, further increasing its usage. Path of the Gulf Stream Because these areas are often very narrow, the current is able to compress and gather strength. As it does so, it begins circulating in the Gulf of Mexicoââ¬â¢s warm waters. It is here that the Gulf Stream becomes officially visible on satellite images so it is said that the current originates in this area. Once it gains enough strength after circulating in the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf Stream then moves east, rejoins the Antilles Current, and exits the area through the Straits of Florida. Here, the Gulf Stream is a powerful underwater river that transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second (or 30 Sverdrups). It then flows parallel to the east coast of the United States and later flows into the open ocean near Cape Hatteras but continues moving north. While flowing in this deeper ocean water, the Gulf Stream is its most powerful (at about 150 Sverdrups), forms large meanders, and splits into several currents, the largest of which is the North Atlantic Current. The North Atlantic Current then flows further north and feeds the Norwegian Current and moves the relatively warm water along the west coast of Europe. The rest of the Gulf Stream flows into the Canary Current which moves along the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean and back south to the equator. Causes of the Gulf Stream The northern branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, is deeper and is caused by thermohaline circulation resulting from density differences in the water. Impacts of the Gulf Stream The greatest impact the Gulf Stream has on climate is found in Europe. Since it flows into the North Atlantic Current, it too is warmed (though at this latitude the sea surface temperatures are cooled considerably), and it is believed that it helps keep places like Ireland and England much warmer than they would otherwise be at such a high latitude. For example, the average low in London in December is 42à °F (5à °C) while in St. Johnââ¬â¢s, Newfoundland, the average is 27à °F (-3à °C). The Gulf Stream and its warm winds are also responsible for keeping northern Norwayââ¬â¢s coast free of ice and snow. As well as keeping many places mild, the Gulf Streamââ¬â¢s warm sea surface temperatures also aid in the formation and strengthening of many of the hurricanes that move through the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the Gulf Stream is important to the distribution of wildlife in the Atlantic. The waters off of Nantucket, Massachusetts, for example, are incredibly biodiverse because the presence of the Gulf Stream makes it the northern limit for southern species varieties and the southern limit for northern species. The Future of the Gulf Stream There has been evidence that the Gulf Stream is weakening and slowing and there is growing concern about what impacts such a change would have on the worldââ¬â¢s climate. Some reports suggest that without the Gulf Stream, temperatures in England and northwestern Europe could drop by 4-6à °C. These are the most dramatic of the predictions for the future of the Gulf Stream but they, as well as todayââ¬â¢s climate patterns surrounding the current, show its importance to life in many places around the world. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-47119159357684189372020-05-06T14:05:00.001-07:002020-05-06T14:05:36.905-07:00Crisis Blown over Free Essays November 30, 1997 goes down in the history of a Bangalore-based electric company as the day nobody wanting it to recur but everyone recollecting it with sense of pride. It was a festive day for all the 700-plus employees. Festoons were strung all over, banners were put up; banana trunks and leaves adorned the factory gate, instead of the usual red flags; and loud speakers were blaring Kannada songs. We will write a custom essay sample on Crisis Blown over or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was day the employees chose to celebrate Kannada Rajyothsava, annual feature of all Karnataka-based organisations. The function was to start at 4 p. m. and everybody was eagerly waiting for the big event to take place. But the event, budgeted at Rs 1,00,000 did not take place. At around 2 p. m. , there was a ghastly accident in the machine shop. Murthy was caught in the vertical turret lathe and was wounded fatally. His end came in the ambulance on the way to hospital. The management sought union help, and the union leaders did respond with a positive attitude. They did not want to fish in troubled waters. Series of meetings were held between the union leaders and the management. The discussions centred around two major issuesââ¬â(i) restoring normalcy, and (ii) determining the amount of compensation to be paid to the dependants of Murthy. Luckily for the management, the accident took place on a Saturday. The next day was a weekly holiday and this helped the tension to diffuse to a large extent. The funeral of the deceased took place on Sunday without any hitch. The management hoped that things would be normal on Monday morning. But the hope was belied. The workers refused to resume work. Again the management approached the union for help. Union leaders advised the workers to resume work in al departments except in the machine shop, and the suggestions was accepted by all. Two weeks went by, nobody entered the machine shop, though work in other places resumed. Union leaders came with a new idea to the managementââ¬âto perform a pooja to ward off any evil that had befallen on the lathe. The management accepted the idea and homa was performed in the machine shop for about five hours commencing early in the morning. This helped to some extent. The workers started operations on all other machines in the machine shop except on the fateful lathe. It took two full months and a lot of persuasion from the union leaders for the workers to switch on the lathe. The crisis was blown over, thanks to the responsible role played by the union leaders and their fellow workers. Neither the management nor the workers wish that such an incident should recur. As the wages of the deceased grossed Rs 6,500 per month, Murthy was not covered under the ESI Act. Management had to pay compensation. Age and experience of the victim were taken into account to arrive at Rs 1,87,000 which was the amount to be payable to the wife of the deceased. To this was added Rs 2,50,000 at the intervention of the union leaders. In addition, the widow was paid a gratuity and a monthly pension of Rs 4,300. And nobodyââ¬â¢s wages were cut for the days not worked. Murthyââ¬â¢s death witnessed an unusual behavior on the part of the workers and their leaders, and magnanimous gesture from the management. It is a pride moment in the life of the factory. Question: 1. Do you think that the Bangalore-based company had practised participative management? 2. If your answer is yes, with what method of participation (you have read in this chapter) do you relate the above case? 3. If you were the union leader, would your behaviour have been different? If yes, what would it be? How to cite Crisis Blown over, Papers Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-77138552413067531932020-05-05T10:24:00.001-07:002020-05-05T10:24:03.574-07:00Domestic Terrorism Essay Research Paper Trent Kenmai free essay sample Domestic Terrorism Essay, Research Paper Trent Kenmai 5/15/00 DOMESTIC TERRORISM Over the past few old ages a new menace has been encountered by the United States. This menace does non come from off, but from within. It is know as domestic terrorist act. This has been seen over the past decennary in the signifier of force and terrorist act across the United States. This has become a menace to American security and the American people in general. To conflict against this issue, Congress has upheld the Anti-Terrorism Act in 1996. One of the best illustrations on analyzing these Acts of the Apostless of tumult can be viewed, seen and understood by analyzing the instance of the Oklahoma bombardment which occurred in 1996. Major newspaper headlines have besides described the World Trade Center bombardment, the Unabomber? s apprehension, and Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta as other major instances. All this demonstrates how sinister1 terrorist act is in American society. This paper will explicate background informations on anarchy/terrorism, instance surveies including the Oklahoma bombardment, authorities? s reaction toward terrorist act. In add-on terrorist act now and the old ages coming. A figure of terrorist onslaughts in the ninetiess have brought the fright to the populace, giving rise to vulnerability2 between many Americans. Most terrorist incidents in the United States have been bombing onslaughts, affecting detonated and undetonated explosive devices, tear gas and pipe and fire bombs. The effects of terrorist act can do loss of life and hurts to belongings harm and breaks in services such as electricity, H2O supply, public transit and communications. The dictionary defines terrorist act as? n. the policy of utilizing Acts of the Apostless to animating panic as a method of governing or of carry oning political resistance? . though terrorist act can be expressed in two ways. Domestic terrorist act involves groups or persons whose terrorist Acts of the Apostless are directed at state of affairss of our authorities or population without unknown ways. International terrorist act involves groups or persons whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by states or groups outside the United States or whose Acts of the Apostless pass national boundaries. In the United States, most terrorist onslaughts have involved little lawlessness groups who use terrorist act to accomplish a bound aim. Local, State and Federal jurisprudence enforcement functionaries monitor suspected terrorist groups and seek to forestall or protect the US against a suspected onslaught. Besides, the US authorities plants with other states to stop the cause of support for terrorist act. A terrorist onslaught can take certain signifiers, depending on the technological attack available to the terrorist, the sort of the political issue doing the onslaught, and the points of failing of the terrorist # 8217 ; s mark. Bombings are the most often used terrorist method in the United States. Other possibilities include an onslaught at transit installations, an onslaught against utilizations or other public services or an onslaught affecting chemical or biological arms. Terrorist incidents in this state have included bombardments of the World Trade Center in New York City, the United States Capitol Building in Washington, DC Mobil Oil corporate central office in New York City, the Oklahoma bombardment, and the Continental Olympic Park. Terrorism in America During these past few old ages, there has been a perception3 that the United States is going more vulnerable to terrorist onslaughts. Many instances such as The World Trade Center Bombing, The Olympic bombardment, The Unabomber? s apprehension, , and the Oklahoma bombardment, has given many Americans fear among terrorist act. Below are a few instance surveies that have been researched. World Trade Center Bombing: In February 1993, a bomb exploded in the World Trade Center in New York City. The World Trade Center is the 3rd tallest edifice in the universe, and more than 100,000 people work and visit every twenty-four hours. The bomb exploded in the parking construction underneath the edifice, damaging the base and metro tunnels. Smoke reached the top of the 110-story edifice in proceedingss. Six people were killed ; more than 1,000 were injured. The FBI joined the Joint Terrorist Task Force in the research, which finally brought 22 Islamic extremist to test. The test revealed extended programs to usage terrorist act to bring havoc4 in the United States, including aiming authorities installations. In April 1996, federal agents arrested Theodore Kaczynski and charged him with the offenses committed by the alleged # 8220 ; Unabomber. # 8221 ; The Unabomber, who targeted university scientists and air hose employees among others, had evaded governments for over 18 old ages. Harmonizing to the FBI, the suspect had killed three people and injured 23 others with bundle bombs. Olympic Bombing: During the Summer Olympic Games, in July 1996, a pipe bomb exploded at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Georgia, killing two people and wounding more than one hundred others. The FBI said that the pipe bomb looked # 8220 ; homemade # 8221 ; with # 8220 ; nails and prison guards attached. # 8221 ; They suspected domestic terrorists, and members of local reserves groups were questioned without any consequences. Olympic jocks and witnesss became tense and disquieted. Lines to go to Olympic events became even longer than before ; witnesss were submitted to more precise observation as they passed through metal sensors and had their bags inspected. One of the recent and major onslaughts from terrorist act has been the Oklahoma bombardment. Oklahoma City became the site of the most deathly terrorist bombardment in the history of the United States. At 9:02 ante meridiem, on April 19, 1995, a monolithic bo megabit exploded in a truck in forepart of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168, wounding more than 500 people and destructing much of the edifice and damaging surrounding edifices. On April 19, Timothy James McVeigh was arrested in Oklahoma for vehicle and arms misdemeanors. On April 21, 1995, McVeigh was charged with go againsting Title 18, US Code, Section 844 { degree Fahrenheit } and 2, Maliciously Damaging and Destroying a Building by Meanss of Explosives. On May 11, 1995, Terry Lynn Nichols was charged with the same misdemeanor. Timothy McVeigh was charged with 11 counts of conspiracy5 and slaying by the federal authorities. His test took topographic point in April of 1997. On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was convicted on all charges and was sentenced to decease. McVeigh? s spouse Terry L. Nichols was sentenced in 1998 Calling him # 8220 ; an enemy of the Constitution, # 8221 ; a federal justice sentences Terry L. Nichols to life in prison. This was the stoping to a portion in American history that showed the state # 8217 ; s exposure to domestic terrorist act. On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded in the air off the seashore of Long Island, shortly after taking off from New York? s Kennedy International Airport. The detonation killed all 229 riders and crew. People conjecture about whether the clang resulted from proficient failure or a bomb. In response, President Clinton assigned Vice President Al Gore to head a new Commission on Aviation Safety and Security. The President besides announced that the federal authorities would take on the primary duty and cost for airport security. Airline security has received renewed attending since the clang, even though no grounds has been found that the detonation was a consequence of a bomb. More rigorous security steps are now in topographic point. Government? s reaction toward Terrorism In 1996 President Bill Clinton signed Antiterrorism Act to beef up the power of the federal authorities to foresee6 and react to both international and domestic terrorist act. The act makes terrorist act a federal offense punishable by decease, every bit good as AIDSs in the probe, gaining control, and test of terrorists in the United States, and includes footings that allow US exile proceedments without being bound by Terrorists to demo classified information. Disallows fund-raising in the US that supports terrorist organisations, and bars terrorists from come ining the US The jurisprudence besides allows for the exile of foreign terrorists without the demand to unwrap classified grounds against them, and it authorizes overdoing of up to $ 1 billion on province and local antiterrorism attempts. Both the American Autonomies Union and the National Rifle Association opposed parts of the statute law that they claimed would supply the federal authorities with excessively much power. An earlier proviso in the Anti-Terrorism Act that would hold given the federal authorities power to intercept suspected terrorist groups? phones without a warrant was removed from the concluding measure, following expostulations from both Democrats and Republicans. The Act would hold allowed the information obtained in this manner to be used in tribunal. Rep. Bob Barr ( R-Ga. ) said: # 8220 ; We do non necessitate to give our authorities vast new powers. # 8221 ; Members of civil autonomies groups agreed, stating that this proviso would hold violated people? s right to privateness. Other lawgivers argued that calamities such as the Oklahoma City bombing make it indispensable that the federal authorities be allowed to supervise reserves groups more closely. Terrorism Today and Years Ahead Since the universe has become so really technically progress it will be more hard to happen concealed or secret explosives, and these technological progresss have made chemical, biological and even atomic arms much more widely available, and have thereby occupy the ability to bring down mass devastation. As lawgivers debate what steps to take to prevent hereafter onslaughts, many Americans ponder what sacrifices they are willing to do to counter the terrorist menace. Are air travellers willing to wait in longer lines at the airdrome so that sensitive equipment can inspect their bags for explosives? Are they willing to pay more for airplane tickets to finance new sensing equipment? Are Americans willing to submit to increased security steps at the disbursal of their freedom of motion as good as privateness? In decision lawgivers have tried to react to the fright that America is going more vulnerable to terrorist onslaughts. But, many experts believe that the American populace and lawgivers need to believe about whether they are reacting to fear or to facts. For these experts, the response to the detonation of TWA Flight 800 is an illustration of overreaction. Research workers have non determined what caused the detonation, and yet, this detonation has prompted a resurgence of the Anti-Terrorism Act and President Clinton has requested the expansion7 of the federal authorities? s wiretapping rights one time once more. Should Americans give up a step of freedom for the increased safety it will likely provide? 539 Greenberg, Keith. Terrorism the New Menace. Brookfield CT, 1994 Gaines, Ann. Terrorism. Philadelphia PA, 1999 Close Up Foundation on Terrorism hypertext transfer protocol: //www.closeup.org/terror.htm Alexandria VA, 1997 FEMA backrounder- terrorist act hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fema.gov/library/terror.htm 1998 Lexicon publications, inc. Webster? Dictionary and Tesaurus. Danbury CT,1993 Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. ? 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-47839299307009878222020-04-01T01:50:00.001-07:002020-04-01T01:50:02.955-07:00Existentialism And Theatre Essays (549 words) - Philosophy Of Life Existentialism And Theatre Existentialism and Theatre Existentialism is a concept that became popular during the second World War in France, and just after it. French playrights have often used the stage to express their views, and these views came to surface even during a Nazi occupation. Bernard Shaw got his play Saint Joan past the German censors because it appeared to be very Anti-British. French audiences however immediately understood the real meaning of the play, and replaced the British with the Germans. Those sorts of hidden meanings were common throughout the period so that plays would be able to pass censorship. Existentialism proposes that man is full of anxiety and despair with no meaning in his life, just simply existing, until he made decisive choice about his own future. That is the way to achieve dignity as a human being. Existentialists felt that adopting a social or political cause was one way of giving purpose to a life. Sartre is well known for the Theatre engage or Theatre 'committed', which is supposedly committed to social and/or political action. One of the major playwrights during this period was Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre had been imprisoned in Germany in 1940 but managed to escape, and become one of the leaders of the Existential movement. Other popular playwrights were Albert Camus, and Jean Anouilh. Just like Anouilh, Camus accidentally became the spokesman for the French Underground when he wrote his famous essay, Le Mythe de Sisyphe or The Myth of Sisyphus. Sisyphus was the man condemned by the gods to roll a rock to the top of a mountain, only to have it roll back down again. For Camus, this related heavily to everyday life, and he saw Sisyphus an absurd hero, with a pointless existence. Camus felt that it was necessary to wonder what the meaning of life was, and that the human being longed for some sense of clarity in the world, since if the world were clear, art would not exist. The Myth of Sisyphus became a prototype for existentialism in the theatre, and eventually The Theatre of the Absurd. Right after the Second World War, Paris became the theatre capital of the west, and popularized a new form of surrealistic theatre called Theatre of the Absurd. Many historians contribute the sudden popularity of absurdism in France to the gruesome revelations of gas chambers and war atrocities coming out of Germany after the war. The main idea of The Theatre of the Absurd was to point out man's helplessness and pointless existence in a world without purpose. As Richard Coe described it It is the freedom of the slave to crawl east along the deck of a boat going west. Two of the most popular playwrights of this time include Samuel Beckett, who's most famous piece was Waiting for Godot, and Eugene Ioensco with Exit the King. Most absurdist plays have no logical plot. The absence of the plot pushes an emphasis on proving the pointless existence of man. Quite often, such plays reveal the human condition at it's absolute worst. Absurdist playwrites often used such techniques as symbolism, mime, the circus, and the commedia dell'arte, which are quite evident in the more popular plays of the time, such as Waiting for Godot, The Bald Prima Donna, and Amedee. Philosophy Essays Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-73259367903407294872020-03-07T20:37:00.001-08:002020-03-07T20:37:02.445-08:00Free Essays on J.F.KJ.F.K. Assassination If Lee Harvey Oswald killed J.F.K. and it wasnââ¬â¢t a conspiracy, then why is the government still withholding reports done on the assassination from the publicââ¬â¢s eyes, in the FBIââ¬â¢s possession? President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 on November 22. He was elected president in 1961. First he was a senator. Then he went straight from Capitol Hill to the White House. Robert Kennedy was attorney general and was J. F. K.'s brother. He was head of the investigation of the assassination after Kennedy was killed. Both Robert and J. F. K. knew that people wanted to kill them. J. F. K. didnââ¬â¢t worry about it. Robert thought it would have been him to get killed first, not his brother. Robert encouraged his brother to sign three anti-crime bills. The bills targeted organized crime. They were used to stop gambling or at least crack down on it. The government didnââ¬â¢t approve of the crack down on the mob that was in America. Teddy Kennedy loved busting the Mafia. People like Jimmy Hoffa. Even Frank Sinatra became close friends with Teddy, even made trips to the White House. After the assassination Robert carried on the bills and got killed also. In 1962 Cuba was known to have missiles from the Soviet Union in Cuba. They thought Cuba or the Soviet Union would make a nuclear strike. Accused of helping the soviet union wage war on the U.S., enemies were made. Neither the FBI nor the CIA approved of getting into the Vietnam War. They didnââ¬â¢t approve of any of the presidentââ¬â¢s decisions. There were three shots, even a possible four. Some people think that the last shot was one from an agentââ¬â¢s gun going off into J.F.K.ââ¬â¢s head after reacting to the shots. The first shot missed. The second shot hit J.F.K.ââ¬â¢s shoulder, back, and throat; and Connallyââ¬â¢s shoulder, wrist, and leg. But how could one bullet travel with that much force to go through all of that flesh? The third shot was fatal to... Free Essays on J.F.K Free Essays on J.F.K J.F.K. Assassination If Lee Harvey Oswald killed J.F.K. and it wasnââ¬â¢t a conspiracy, then why is the government still withholding reports done on the assassination from the publicââ¬â¢s eyes, in the FBIââ¬â¢s possession? President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 on November 22. He was elected president in 1961. First he was a senator. Then he went straight from Capitol Hill to the White House. Robert Kennedy was attorney general and was J. F. K.'s brother. He was head of the investigation of the assassination after Kennedy was killed. Both Robert and J. F. K. knew that people wanted to kill them. J. F. K. didnââ¬â¢t worry about it. Robert thought it would have been him to get killed first, not his brother. Robert encouraged his brother to sign three anti-crime bills. The bills targeted organized crime. They were used to stop gambling or at least crack down on it. The government didnââ¬â¢t approve of the crack down on the mob that was in America. Teddy Kennedy loved busting the Mafia. People like Jimmy Hoffa. Even Frank Sinatra became close friends with Teddy, even made trips to the White House. After the assassination Robert carried on the bills and got killed also. In 1962 Cuba was known to have missiles from the Soviet Union in Cuba. They thought Cuba or the Soviet Union would make a nuclear strike. Accused of helping the soviet union wage war on the U.S., enemies were made. Neither the FBI nor the CIA approved of getting into the Vietnam War. They didnââ¬â¢t approve of any of the presidentââ¬â¢s decisions. There were three shots, even a possible four. Some people think that the last shot was one from an agentââ¬â¢s gun going off into J.F.K.ââ¬â¢s head after reacting to the shots. The first shot missed. The second shot hit J.F.K.ââ¬â¢s shoulder, back, and throat; and Connallyââ¬â¢s shoulder, wrist, and leg. But how could one bullet travel with that much force to go through all of that flesh? The third shot was fatal to... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-59879729072387100782020-02-20T12:03:00.001-08:002020-02-20T12:03:03.274-08:00Stories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2Stories - Assignment Example The Lt. carried the guilt and blame because he placed his daydream as an important factor in the story. Pete suggested stories help dampen loneliness. He wrote of ââ¬Å"interviewingâ⬠Mt. Hood. In paragraph 5 of page 3, Pete quotes ââ¬Å"Leaves of Grassâ⬠by Walt Whitman to explain his sense of stories. Like the Mumford Sons music, poetry and other art forms of storytelling give company and relieve isolation through the understanding of the common experience. Peteââ¬â¢s retelling about the mountain reminded me of ââ¬Å"On a Rainy Riverâ⬠. This story of a physical barrier to freedom, the river between Canada and the U.S. explained Oââ¬â¢Brienââ¬â¢s reluctance to turn his back on his own history, his own stories. And, since as Pete reminds, stories are for eternity, when memory is gone. Oââ¬â¢Brien did not want to have his story end in shameful cowardice, as he suggested draft dodging would be. Oââ¬â¢Brienââ¬â¢s hometown people would not understand such an act. Stories shamed him into staying in the U.S. and being Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-51582013324140320632020-02-04T20:20:00.001-08:002020-02-04T20:20:03.087-08:00Analytical paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsAnalytical paper - Essay Example ocratic reshaping is proving to be a contradictory, uncertain, and conflict-ridden process, one that has provoked sharp debates both within Bolivia and among observers of Bolivia abroadâ⬠(Wolff 3). The problems inside and outside of Bolivia with respect to democratic reforms are certainly not easily definable. Most would also agree a move towards socialism by the current Evo Morales regime is troubling for democratic proponents. Though most would agree that democratic change in Bolivia could be sincerely philanthropic venture by democratic proponents, economic vitalization of Bolivia is usually the anticipated motivation and priority assisting any efforts for ââ¬Ëchangingââ¬â¢ governments, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦creating order is a central task for establishing the foundations of long term economic growthâ⬠(North, 1999). It is reasonable then to consider the perceived ââ¬Ëvalueââ¬â¢ of Bolivia post-change in light of simple economic potential. The future does not look bright for Bolivian democracy with change as a constant drumbeat from Boliviaââ¬â¢s past. The geography of Bolivia suggests that independence, whether democratic or socialist, is always going to be a matter of dependence upon others. Bolivia is one of two ââ¬Ëland-lockedââ¬â¢ countries in the Western Hemisphere (Paraguay the other) and relies on neighboring countries for exporting its mineral resources (Boliviaââ¬â¢s primary export) throughout the world. This dependence upon neighbors, specifically Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Paraguay, is more significant than some may think. Bolivia once had access to the sea but lost this territory to Chile in the War of the Pacific in the late 1800ââ¬â¢s. Bolivia has suffered poverty and government instability ever since the War of the Pacific. Boliviaââ¬â¢s main obstacle to ââ¬Ëindependenceââ¬â¢ is Boliviaââ¬â¢s land-locked juxtaposition. The easiest and cheapest route for one of Boliviaââ¬â¢s chief exports, Bolivian crude oil, is directly through Brazil via a pipeline. Brazil also Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-30548885904940966872020-01-27T16:44:00.001-08:002020-01-27T16:44:06.345-08:00Mechanisms of the Immune System: An OverviewMechanisms of the Immune System: An Overview When the human body is attacked by microbes or pathogens, it defends itself using certain mechanisms. There are two types of mechanisms one which is non-specific and the other which is specific to the attack. The non-specific mechanism is similar no matter what attacks the body and is again sub divided into external and internal defences. The first line of defences The bodys first line of defense against pathogens is mostly physical. It involves sweat, skin, tears, mucus and stomach acid. Our skin and mucous membraneswhich line the body passages, are fairly effective in keeping most pathogens out of the body. They act like a protective barrier, defending against viral and bacterial invaders. The skin cannot be penetrated by bacteria or viruses under normal conditions. It has a pH range of 3-5 which is acidic enough to prevent the growth of bacteria. The clotting of blood near open wounds prevents an open space for antigens to easily enter the organism by coagulating the blood, and Lysozymes are an enzyme found in tears and saliva that have powerful digestive capabilities, and can break down foreign agents to a harmless status before they enter the body. Mucus in the nose traps pathogens, which are then washed away or destroyed by chemicals. The respiratory tract also has its own line of defense. Invading microbes and debris are trapped in layers of mucous or they are filtered by tiny hair like structures called cilia. The cilia move in waves, sweeping the debris towards the entrance where they can be extracted through coughing or sneezing, so dont hold your sneezes in!AndCorrosive acids in the stomach and protein digesting enzymes destroy most of the invading organisms carried in by food. The first line makes a very powerful line of defence, but sometimes intruders can find their way past this wall. Thankfully we have a second line on the inside! The second line of defence The second line of defence is immobilized when invaders enter in the body. A nonspecific internal defence mechanism is the process of phagocytosis; the ingestion of invading bacteria by certain blood cells. There are many phagocytic responses used in the body. When foreign particles penetrate the skin; like in cases of injury, certain leukocytes known as monocytes move to the blood tissues where they develop into eaters called macrophages. Using pseudopods, the macrophages engulf and destroy the bacteria with their enzymes. Another phagocytic response: white blood cells. Neutrophils are attracted to chemical signals sent off by cells that have been damaged by microbes. In the process of called chemotaxis, neutrophils move towards infected tissue. The neutrophils then engulf the microbe and release lysosomal enzymes that digest both the microbe and the leukocyte. The remaining fragments of protein, dead white blood and digested remainder are called pus. Tissue damage which is caused by physical damage also initiates an inflammatory response. An inflammatory response is a non-specific immune response which results in swelling, redness, heat and pain. Pus and inflammation are signs that the second line of defence is at work. That is how your body responds to a small localized injury. The body can also respond to severe injuries with a system-wide defence. Injured cells emit chemicals that simulate the production of phagocytic white blood cells and increase their release into the bloodstream. Bone marrow, the source of all blood cells is found in the inner spongy part of the upper leg bone, upper arm bone, breastbone and shoulder blades. A fever is a good example of the bodys system-wide response to infections. When infectious organisms spread through the body like in cold or flu, neutrophils and macrophages digest the invaders and release chemicals into the bloodstream. These chemicals cause your body to reset its thermostat to a higher temperature such as 40 degrees Celsius. These conditions in the body make it difficult for the harmful bacteria to survive; so essentially, the fever helps you recover. People often take medication like aspirin to reduce fever; this however may actually prolong the infection. If the temperature is above 40 degrees Celsius however, it can be unsafe. Keep in mind human cells themselves cannot survive over 43 degrees Celsius. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM The immune system is made up of cells, protein, tissues and organs. It defends us from germs and bacteria every day. The immune system is usually very successful but sometimes when there is a problem we can get infections and illnesses. About the Immune System The immune system is the bodys defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms that invade body systems and cause disease. The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. The cells involved are white blood cells called leukocytes. Leukocytes are large opaque blood cells that engulf invading microbes and produce antibodies.They combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances. All leukocytes are produced in bone marrow. There are approximately 6,000,000,000 leukocytes in the human body. They are rather colorless because they dont contain hemoglobin which makes red bloodcells red. They have a life expectancy of 2-3 days and therefore the body is constanlty making large amounts of leukocytes all the time. Picture this: there is half a million white blood cells per very drop of blood! Leukocytes are produced or stored in many locations in the body, including the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. This is why they are called the lymphoid organs. Leukocytes are also located in clumps of lymphoid tissue all around the body. They have asymetrical shapes which can change enabling them to get around all obstacles. The leukocytes circulate all around the body between the organs and nodes through the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels. By doing so, the immune system works in a coordinated way to constantly monitor the body for germs or substances that might cause problems. There are 2 basic types of Leukocytes: They are phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes are cells that chew up invading organisms and lymphocytes are cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them. There are different types of phagocytes. The most common type is the neutrophil, it primarily fights bacteria. They are the most common type of white blood cell, neutrophils make up 50-70% of white blood cells in the body. They are the first to arrive at infected areasand kill intruders by ingestion. This process is called chemotaxis. Once the pathogen is swallowed the neutrophil dies. The process of neutrophils killing bacteria involves them releasing a net of fibers which traps the cell. This is called neutrophil extracellular trap (N.E.T). Some people have neutrophil difficiencies and as you can imagine it leads to severe problems and a compromised immune system. Other types of phagocytes are besophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes and Macrophages. Besophils are very rare in the body, they make up less than 1% of white blood cells. They d not do much as a result and simply help respond to infections. Eosinophils help ingulf parasites and discharge destructive enzymes to damage invading cells. They also kill parasitic eggs and worms. Monocytes are also very rare in the body, the less monocytes in the body the better. They replenish Macrophages and also help against infection. Finally we have Macrophages. They are cells that eat invaders and are involved in primary and innate immun response. For example they can be found in the lungs where they clean foreign debirs so they do not cause any problems. They usually remain stationed at specific posts in the body where foreign materials often enter. Anything that passes by the macrophages is scanned and if something is suspicious they engluf it. Once englufed the macrophage cereates an enzyme that neutral izes the invader so it becomes harmless and connot replicate and they preserve the antigen so that in the future it can be recognized and dealt with faster. The two kinds of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes start out in the bone marrow and from there they either stay and mature into B cells or they leave for the thymus gland, where they mature into T cells. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes have different functions. B lymphocytes are like the bodys military intelligence system, they seek out their targets and send defenses to lock onto them and track them down. T cells on the other hand are like the soldiers, destroying the invaders that the intelligence systems (B cells) have identified. Antibodies are very specific Y-shaped proteins. For example an antibody produced against the influenza virus is not effective against HIV. These Y-shaped tails of the proteins are very similar, no matter which type of anti-body. Variation may only be produced in the outer edge of each arm, the area where the anti-body combines with the antigen. Antigen markers are different depending on the virus, for example the antigen marker of the influenza virus is different from that of the HIV virus. Each antigen is accompanied by its own antibody, shape wise. The markers of an antigen are located on the membrane of the virus or bacterium. After each attachment of an antibody, the antibody-antigen combination makes it more conspicuous, making it easy to be destroyed by wandering microphage. Antibodies prevent poisons and toxins from destroying cells with receptor sites, found on different cells. This might explain why some poisons affect the nervous system, while others affect digestive or circulatory systems. This receptor site is designed to hold either a hormone or a specific nutrient. Specialized geometrical structures allow toxins and poisons to become attached to the receptor sites on cell membranes. After bring attached, the poison is ingested by the cell, which the receptor site mistakes for hormones or nutrients, absorbing the poison. Antibodies then interfere with the poison so that the structure created is not recognized by the receptor cell. Receptor sites are also used by viruses as entry ports. As the virus injects its hereditary material into the cell, it leaves an outer protein coat in the entry port. The outer coat allows the virus to rest in different locations. For example the cold virus has the geometrical shape to allow it to attach the lung cells. How the Body Recognizes Harmful Antigens As the T-cell scouts, it looks for foreign bodies posing a threat to its survival. The macrophages then attack the invader, engulfing it. As the macrophage presses the antigen into its cell membrane, it couples with the T-cell, also known as a helper T-cell. The T-cell then reads the shape of the antigen and releases a chemical messenger called lymphokine. The B-cells divide into clones because of the lymphokine. A second message is then sent from the helper T-cell to the B-cell, allowing the production of antibodies. A specific type of antibody is produced by each B-cell. Antibodies are attached to their cell membranes by the time the B-cells enter the circulatory system. The Killer T-cell is an activated additional defender if the helper T-cell. These lymphokines go out for one purpose, which is to destroy. After being activated, the killer T-cells puncture through the cell membrane of the invader, which may differ from a protozoan parasite to a bacterium. Viruses are very different from the rest, as they hide within the structure of the cell. As the viral coat is found attached to the cell`s membrane, the T-cell attacks the infected cell. Killing the infected cell prevents the reproduction of the virus. Mutated cells are also destroyed by Killer T-cells. This process is extremely important as some of the altered cells may be cancerous. Getting cancerous virus or not depends on the success of the Killer T-cell. The bodys` rejection of organ transplants depend on Killer T-cells. Antigen markers on the organ will be recognized as foreign, sending the Killer T-cells in. Immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporine can slow down the Killer T cells. After the battle is done, and won, a different type of T-cell, the suppressor T-cell, signals the immune system to shut down. Communication between Suppressor T-cells and Helper T-cells is vital, allowing the immune system to know how many antibodies to produce to contain the antigens. Phagocytes clean the area, removing the dead and injured cells, and tissue begins to repair and replace. As previously mentioned, helper T-cells must read a blue print of the invader before the B-cells can produce antibodies. This information is stored so that later infections can be destroyed before the microbe can cause any harm. Immunity is based on maintaining a good number of antibodies. Its believed that memory-B cells are generated during the infection to hold an imprint of the antigen or antigens that characterize the invader. Most b and t cells produced die off within a few days; but memory B-cells remain. It can identify the enemy and quickly mobilize antibody-producing B-cells to defeat invading pathogens before they can establish themselves. As long as the memory B-cell survives, a person is immune to the disease, which is why a person cannot catch chicken pox more than once. Proteins also play a role in the bodys line of defence. When foreign organisms are present in the body, antimicrobial plasma proteins called complement proteins are activated. There are about 20 known types of complement proteins. Under normal conditions these proteins are inactive. When invading microbes trigger them however they in turn work as messengers. The complement proteins gather and initiate an attack on the cell membranes of the foreign organism. The proteins will then form a protective coating around the invader; this seals the invading cell immobilizing it. A second group punctures the cell membrane, this causes water to rush in and burst the cell. The tiny microbes become less soluble and more susceptible to phagocytes by leukocytes. All of these specialized cells are parts of the immune response system that offer the body protection against disease. This protection is called immunity. The Several Types of Immunity Innate Immunity Innate immunity is often called natural immunity, everyone is born with it, it is a general protection. It refers to basic resistance to germs or diseases that other species possess. For example, if a human has HIV their dog wont get HIV because it has innate immunity to that disease. Innate immunity works in both ways something that makes us sick wont get another species sick and something that gets another species sick wont get us sick. The Responses in innate immunity are Broad and non specific. The molecules used have a limited repertoire of recognition. It is a first line of defense. Innate immunity includes the external barriers of the body, like the skin and mucous membranes, which are the first line of defense in preventing diseases from entering the body. If this outer defensive wall is broken, the skin attempts to heal quickly and the second line of defence becomes involved. Adaptive Immunity The second kind of protection is adaptive/active immunity, it develops throughout our lives. Adaptive immunity involves the lymphocytes and develops as people are exposed to diseases or immunized against diseases through vaccination. With all kinds of diseases constantly exposed we adapt out bodies by taking vaccinations to become immune to them. Passive Immunity Passive immunity isan immunity borrowed externally from another source and it is temporary. For example, antibodies in a mothers breast milk provide the baby with temporary immunity to diseases. This helps protect the baby against infections during childhood when the babys body is still in early stages of development and not very strong. Everyones immune system is different. Some people never seem to get infections,while others seem to be sick all the time. As we grow older, we gradually become more immune to more germs as our immune system comes into contact with more and more of them. Matching tissues for organ transplant The main challenge is the immune response of the recipient- their immune systems ability to distinguish between self and non-self. The donor organ is often identified as an invader by distinct markers on its cell membrane, MHC or Major histocompatibility complex. MHC is a protein fingerprint unique to each person so the recipient will make antibodies to destroy what it thinks is a foreign invader. To reduce rejections, attempts are made to match donor MHC with that of the recipient as closely as possible. For living donor transplants, physicians usually look to close relatives because the MHC is genetically controlled. The better the match, the greater the chances of long term success. To help reduce rejection factor in deceased donor transplants, (because deceased donor transplants cannot usually have as close of an MHC as relatives) immunosuppressant drugs can be given, but it will also reduce the immune systems ability to fight off invading viruses and bacteria; placing these patients at risk of infections. Malfunctions of the immune system: Abnormal functions of the immune system can give rise to two types of problems: immune deficiency diseases and inappropriate attacks of the immune system against nonthreatening agents. Immune deficiency diseases may be caused by a foreign agent, such as the HIV virus which attacks t-cells, or a hereditary condition such as the severe combined immune deficiency SCID. Inappropriate or exaggerated immune response can also create problems. Hypersensitivity or response is where the immune system attacks normal cells in ones own body, which can destroy tissues and organs. Allergies Allergies occur when the immune system mistakes harmless cells for harmful invaders. If youre allergic to peanuts, your body recognizes one of its proteins as dangerous. Although its safe, your body immobilizes the antibody strike force against it. Increased tissue swelling, mucous secretion, and sometimes constricted air passages are all part of the immune response. Dust, ragweed and strawberries, do not pose any threat to life but the immune response can be so severe that it becomes life threatening. A sever food allergy is called an anaphylactic reaction which involves the respiratory and circulatory systems accompanied by hives, itching and swelling. When you eat a food to which youre allergic, the cells that believe they are in danger release histamine. It changes the cells of the capillaries, increasing permeability. The enlarged capillary causes the area to redden. White blood cells leave the capillary in search for the invader altering osmotic pressure. Proteins in extracellu lar fluids create another osmotic force to oppose it. Anaphylactic shock can occur very quickly and weakness, sweating and difficulty breathing indicate the condition. Medial precautions include carrying a kit with adrenaline (Epipen). Autoimmune Disease The immune system can make mistakes and launch an attack on the bodys own cells. Mutated T and B cells are capable of attacking the body but are usually held in check be suppressor T cells. The failure of suppressor T cells can cause diseases such as arthritis and rheumatic fever, all of which can scar the heart muscle. Drugs and serious infections can weaken suppressor T cells leaving the body vulnerable to autoimmune disease. The number of suppressor T cells also declines with age, and this explains the commonness of arthritis in the elderly. Stem cell research: The answer for replacing damaged tissues may lie in stem cell research rather than transplantation. Stem cells can differentiate and develop into a variety of different tissues such as epithelial tissue, muscle tissue or nerve tissue. Stem cells in the skin continuously replace cells that are sloughed off, give rise to a wide range of blood cells that protect against foreign invaders and identify human cells that have mutated, such as cancer cells. Stem cells are pluripotent cells that can give rise to different types of body cells. Precast Concrete: Advantages and Disadvantages Precast Concrete: Advantages and Disadvantages Jump to: Advantages of Precast Concrete Constructionà | Disadvantages of Precast Concrete Construction 1.1 Introduction Precast concrete is a form of construction, where concrete is cast in a reusable mould or ââ¬Å"formâ⬠which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. By producing precast concrete in a controlled environment (precast plant), the precast concrete is provides the opportunity to properly cure and be closely monitored by plant employees. There are many different types of precast concrete forming systems for architectural applications, differing in size, function and cost. The advantages of using precast concrete is the increased quality of the material, when formed in controlled conditions, and the reduced cost of constructing large forms used with concrete poured on site. It is used mainly in the construction of buildings with repetitive design and elements, such as schools and apartments. Every construction material system has its own characteristics which influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. This is also the case for precast concrete. Not only in comparison to steel, wood, masonry structures, but also with respect to cast in-situ concrete. Precast concrete members may be solid or may contain hollow cores. Many precast components have thinner cross sections than cast in situ concrete. Precast concrete may be either normal or lightweight concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be made in such a way that the completed precast structure has the same concept as a in-situ one. However, this is a wrong approach one, which is very labour intensive costly. If the full advantages of precast concrete are to be realized, the structure should be conceived according to its specific design philosophy: Long spans, appropriate stability concept, simple details,etc. Designers should from the very beginning of the project consider the possibilities, restrictions advantages of precast concrete, its details, manufacturer, transport, erection service stages before completing a design in precast concrete. Architectural precast concrete provides architects with an exciting medium when designing facades for a wide range of buildings, from healthcare facilities to shopping malls, commercial office buildings to sports stadiums. 1.2 History of IBS Concept of IBS in not new and can be traced back to as early 1624. In 1624, panellised timber houses were shipped from England to the new settlement in North America. In 1851 Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London and 1889 Eiffel Tower, Paris are the well-known examples of buildings which uses the method of precast in constructing the structure of the building itself. 1.3 Precast building system Precast building system is divided into 3 main parts: Precast concrete frame Precast concrete wall Precast concrete floor 1.3.1 PRECAST CONCRETE FRAME Description Precast concrete frames involve an entire structure being fabricated off-site. In addition, structural components can be supplied for incorporation into a structure on-site. Frames can simultaneously achieve both structural and decorative design requirements. A variety of mixes, colours and finishes can be used too. The precast frame is composed of precast column and beam. Process Precast concrete frames are cast in the same way as precast concrete cladding, but as they are designed as structural elements they have heavier reinforcement than required for non-structural cladding. Elegant connections are required between columns and beams to transfer considerable forces without affecting the visual appearance of the frame. 1.3.2 PRECAST CONCRETE WALL Description Many precast concrete walls are cast in a flat position at the building site. But they are still classified as precast, not sitecast. When the concrete is strong enough, the wall panels are lifted and placed in the desired positions for the building. This method is commonly known as tilt-up construction. Today such walls are lifted and placed with cranes, so that casting can make repeated use of single forms. Some wall units are cast in factories, where the form, quality of materials, and finishing can be more controlled. Because of their large size and weight, these walls cannot be transported to long distance from the factory. Thus, their use is limited to a short distance from the precast factory. Precast units for roof and floor structures are usually prestressed. However, precast wall units are usually conventionally reinforced with inert steel bars. Precast wall are used for internal external walls, lift shafts, central cores etc. Precast wall systems are mostly used in domestic construction, both for individual housing for apartments. The solution can be considered as the industrialized from of cast in-situ walls or classical brick or block masonry walls. 1.3.3 PRECAST CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB Precast concrete floor slab is the most fully standardized precast concrete elements. They are used for making floor and roof slabs. The principle advantages of precast floors are speed of construction, absence of scaffolding, large variety of types, large span capacity, economy. Precast floors can also be classified according to their manufacture into totally partially precast floors. Totally precast floors are composed of units, which are totally cast at the plant. After erection, the units are connected to the structure the longitudinal joints are grouted.In some cases a cast in-situ structural topping screed is added. Partially precast floors are composed of a precast part a cast in-situ part. Both parts are working together at the final stage to achieve the composite structural capacity. The main totally precast floor roof types are described hereafter. Pre cast hollow core slab Most widely used type of pre cast flooring highly efficient design and production 1.4 Advantages of Precast Concrete Construction Some of the advantages of using precast concrete construction are as follows: 1.4.1 Reduced Construction Time and Cost Precast concrete construction will save valuable time and helps to reduce the risk of project delay and possible monetary losses. Precast design and production of elements can be started while the construction site is under survey or earthworks. Production are also unaffected by weather conditions due to the controlled environment of the casting area. Also, the usage of large precast panels will reduce the time taken to complete the structural works. Therefore, other trades such as painting and electrical wiring can begin work sooner. In conventional construction method, time-consuming works such as formworks, scaffoldings and curing are needed to produce a structural element. In precast concrete construction method, structural elements are produced in manufacturing plants while other activities at the construction site proceed. When the structural elements are needed, they are immediately sent to the site and assembled continuously, forming the structural frame and enclosing the building. In precast concrete manufacturing plants, modern machineries are utilized with several technicians attending to certain production process. This greatly reduced the number of unskilled requirements. 1.4.2 High quality and aesthetical value of products Precast products are manufactured in a casting area where critical factors including temperature, mix design and stripping time can be closely checked and controlled; and this will ensure that the quality of precast products are better than cast-in-situ concrete. A huge sum of money will be saved by not having to do rectification works. Also due to factory-controlled prefabrication environment, many combinations of colours and textures can be applied easily to the architectural or structural pieces. A vast range of sizes and shapes of precast components can be produced, providing a great deal of flexibility and offer fresher looks to the structures. 1.4.3 Cleaner and safer construction sites Usage of precast elements eliminates or greatly reduces conventional formworks and props. Precast construction also lessens the problem of site wastages and the related environmental problems. The prefabricated products also provide a safe working platform for workers to work on. Workers and materials are also greatly reduced at the construction sites. Using Just-in-Time principles, the precast elements are kept at the factory yard until the site is ready for installation. Also, as elements are produced in the plant and mostly designed to be repetitive, minimal wastage will be experienced at both factory and construction sites. 1.4.4 Greater unobstructed span The usage of prestressed precast solutions such as the Hollow Core slabs and Double-T beams offer greater unobstructed span than the conventional reinforced concrete elements. Having lesser beams and columns, will provide larger open space. It is very ideal for the construction of places of worship, warehouses, halls, car parks, shops and offices. 1.4.5 Lower total construction costs All of the above simplify the construction processes and increase productivity, quality and safety. As a result, the total costs of construction are reduced. More often than not, most of the opponents of precast construction only use the costs of materials in comparing the in-situ and precast construction without realising that there are hidden costs to the traditional methods. Also a contributing factor to the low usage is the fact that Malaysia has always been able to source cheap labours from neighbouring countries. Therefore, the industry players are very reluctant to change to the new construction methods. As a result, the country is faced by problems of low quality, productivity and safety in the construction industry due to high dependency of manual labour. The country also suffers from the outflow of monies as well as social problems. If the labour supply experience sudden reduction while demand remains the same, labour costs will definitely be increased and produce more prob lems to the industry. 1.4.6 Increased Quality of Structural Elements Precast concrete elements produced in plants using modern techniques and machineries. Raw materials such as concrete, sand, and reinforcement bars are under high level of quality control. Formworks used are of higher quality than those used at construction sites. This allows truer shapes and better finishes in precast components. Precast components have higher density and better crack control, offering better protection from harsh weathers and sound insulation. High density is achieved by using vibrating table or external vibrators placed on formworks. Precast concrete also provide better fire resistance for reinforcement bars. When compared to in situ concrete, this reduces the amount of long-term movement, which needs to be recognized in building design. 1.4.7 Increased Durability and Load Capacity of Structural Elements Prestressed precast concrete components have high structural strength and rigidity, which are important to support heavy loads. This allows shallow construction depth and long span in structural components. Fewer supporting columns or walls result in larger floor space, which allow more flexibility in interior design. Dense precast and prestressed concrete components are cast-in with smooth steel, concrete or fiberglass. This result in components with smooth surfaces which resist moisture penetration, fungus and corrosion. High density concrete reduces the size and quantity of surface voids thus resisting accumulation of dirt and dust. Precast concrete components are more durable to acid attack, friction, corrosion, impact, abrasion, and other environment effects. Precast concrete structures have longer service years and require minimal repairs and maintenance. 1.5 Disadvantages of Precast Concrete Some of the drawbacks of using precast concrete construction are as follows: 1.5.1 High Capital Cost A large amount of resources must be invested initially to set up a precast concrete plant. Sophisticated machineries are expensive and require heavy investment. Percast concrete is mainly used in construction of high-rise buildings and flats, which are atleast 5 storeys high. Precast concrete is also utilized in construction of housing estates where the design of houses is uniform. Other projects where precast concrete is suitable are large stadiums, halls, factories, awrehouses, airports and hangars. The scale of the construction projects using precast concrete must be large enough to ensure sufficient profit to offset the initial capital cost. 1.5.2 Sophisticated Connection Works The behaviour of connections determines the performance of precast concrete structures. When assembling of precast concrete structures, connections between precast components must be supervised and done properly. This way, the intended behaviour of a connection (simple, semi-rigid, or rigid) can be achieved. Apart from that, a good sound insulation can be provided and water leakage problem can be avoided. Skilled and well-trained labours are required to ensure proper connection is produced during erection stages, which lead to additional cost. 1.5.3 Transportation, Handling Difficulties and Modification Limitation Workers must be careful when handling precast concrete components to avoid damage. Precat components are manufactures in plants, which are not always situated in the area of the construction sites. Precast components must be carried from the plants to the sites using trailers. Usually, precast components are large and heavy, creating difficulties in transportation. Upon arrival at the sites, portable cranes or tower cranes will lift the precast components into place for erection. Usually, to increase the speed of construction, several cranes are used requiring large space. Proper construction planning and site management is a must. Workers be well trained to ensure that precast components are positioned and connected properly to avoid cases where the columns, beams, walls, or slabs are not well aligned, dislocated or out of plane. Precast concrete system is not flexible when future modification is taken into account. For example, the walls of a flat built using load bearing precast w alls cannot be demolished for renovation purposes, as this will affect the stability of the entire precast structure. 1.6 Precast Concrete Construction in Malaysia The usage of precast building system is gaining popularity in Malaysia because of its many advantages such as high quality structural finishes, less labour force, shorter time of completion and saves cost. In the construction industry today, the usage of cast in-situ method is not so practical and effective especially when it is in a large scale construction. Therefore, the usage of precast components is the best alternative to fulfill the needs in large scale constructions. The precast concrete concept is ideal to suit the future demands of higher specifications and performance for the commercial, industrial, civic and domestic buildings. Precast building system or commonly known as IBS (Industrialized Building Systems) in Malaysia has many advantages if it is compared to the traditional cast in situ system. Production of precast components such as beams, columns and slabs were done in the factory thus ensuring high quality control for each component. Structures of precast building can be quickly erected on site and the delays due to concrete curing and concrete formwork removal can be reduced resulting in shorter completion time of construction. Besides that, precast system requires lesser amount of labour force. 1.6.1 Development of IBS in Malaysia IBS in Malaysia has begun in early 1960s when Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries to learn about precast concrete construction and evaluate their housing development program. After their successful visit in 1964, the government had started first project on IBS aims to speed up the delivery time and built affordable and quality houses. Precast concrete construction started in Malaysia with the production of 7 blocks of 17-storey flat, 4 blocks of 4-storey flat and 40 units of shop house opposite the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital at the intersection of Jalan Pekeliling and Jalan Pahang. This project used the Larsen-Nielson system from Denmark. The second construction project, which used precast concrete, was the construction of 6 blocks of 17-storey flat, 3 blocks of 18-storey flat and 66 units of shop house along Jalan Rifle, Penang. This project used the Frenchs Estior system. Since then, numerous precast structures such as high-ris es, car parks, warehouses, factories, housings and retail units have been built all over the country. Some latest examples are the Telekom Headquarter in KL, townhouses in Cyberjaya, City Square in Johor Bahru, Putra Mosque in Putrajaya and Metal Pak Factory in Shah Alam. Today, the use of IBS as a method of construction in Malaysia is evolving. Many private companies in Malaysia have teamed up with foreign expert from Australia, United States and Japan to offer precast solution to their project. In addition, more and more local manufacturers have established themselves in the market. Precast, steel frame and other IBS were used as hybrid construction to build national landmark such as Bukit Jalil Sport Complex, LRT and Petronas Twin Tower. It was reported that at least 21 of various manufacturers and suppliers of IBS are actively promoting their system in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the government of Malaysia still feels that the usage of IBS is low despite the possible potential. From the survey conducted by CIDB of Malaysia in 2003, the usage level of IBS in local construction industry stands at 15%. The total registered IBS contractors in Malaysia stand for 1,993 in year 2007 and registered IBS manufacture in Malaysia until 2007 is 138 producing 347 IBS products available in the market. Most of the local developed products are based on traditional materials such as reinforced concrete and the most innovative materials are based on imported technology. Previously in the RMK-7, the country intend to construct about 800,000 units of houses for its population using the IBS and 58,500 units planned for the low medium cost houses. However the achievements are disappointing with only 20% completed houses reported due to use of conventional construction method. 1.6.2 IBS as Mass Construction Method The term IBS is often misinterpreted with negative meaning as it is always linked with industrialized buildings that were built in 1960s. These buildings are normally associated with prefabricated mass construction method, low quality buildings, leakages, abandoned projects, unpleasant architectural appearances and other drawbacks. Due to the poor architectural design, the old prefabriacted buildings have given the pbulic bad impression about precast concrete. There have been quiet a number of cases where the use of IBS had lead to such drawbacks. For example, in the case of Pekeliling Flats in Kuala Lumpur and Taman Tun Sardon, Gelugor, Penang. These 2 early prefabricated flats were constructed in mass to produce low cost accomodation for lower income groups. However, the design was very basic and not considering the service aspects like the need for wet toilets and bathrooms. Lacking in this design consideration leads to problems of leakage that becomes the common issue with precast buildings. In addition, in many cases the low cost housings are not maintained properly, thus contributing further to the poor image of IBS buildings. 1.6.3 Characteristics of IBS Industrial production of components though prefabrication. Reduced labour during prefabrication of components and site works. Modern design and manufacturing method using CAD/CAM. Systematic Quality Control i.e ISO 9000. Open Building System i.e permitting hybrid applications. 1.6.4 Why IBS Budget Speech 2005: The Government is determined to ensure that every Malaysian will have access to affordable homes. During the period 1971-2003, the Government constructed 490,000 units of low-cost houses. The government intends to provide an additional 100,000 units of affordable homes to be implemented through the Industrialised Building System (IBS).This system will ensure quality, save cost, create a safer and cleaner working environment as well as reduce the dependence of foreign workers 1.6.5 Social Problems Currently 75 foreign workers out of 100 construction workers. There are 318,000 foreign workers in Malaysian Construction Industry Let say one foreign worker gain RM400 per month; RM400.00 x 12 months = RM5,000 per year, 318,000 x RM5,000 = RM 1.59 Billion per year It shows the High outflow of Ringgit 1.6.6 Types of IBS The construction method can be classified into 4 categories: Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-4452779098489937642020-01-19T13:08:00.001-08:002020-01-19T13:08:03.884-08:00The 21st Century School Librarian Essay -- Educational IssuesThe 21st Century school librarian is no longer just the caretaker of the book collection. Technology is transforming the education system and the way children are taught. This paper discusses the many roles and issues that the teacher-librarian plays in creating a flexible 21st Century learning environment. 21ST Century School Library Media Specialist The roles discussed in the articles written by school librarians Mashriqi (2011), Ballard (2008), and Marcoux (2010) were similar in strategies needed for running an effective media center today. The common theme was the importance in being able to evaluate what will help the school meet the needs of todays learners and to connect the curriculum with ââ¬Å"hands-onâ⬠learning experiences. By demonstrating knowledge and current technological skills the media specialist connects the library with teachers, students, administration and parents with information and resources to promote literacy. Technology integration is accomplished by using resources that reflect content standards. To focus on the relationship between education technology and student learning engaging games is one way to achieve the goals with positive results. Digital Tools Todaysââ¬â¢ school library media specialist applies trends related to the use of technology in education to support integration throughout the curriculum. Being literate in the 21st Century involves teaching both ââ¬Å"traditionalâ⬠literacy and how to read and produce the kinds of texts typical of the emerging information and multimedia age. Benthem (2010) points out that to have an effective school library program it needs to be an ongoing work in progress. Literacy development does impact student learning through the use of digital technologies, includ... ...upport emergent literacy skill development for young children at-risk or who have disabilities. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(3), 233-239. Peterson, J. (2011). Finding focus: Using digital cameras in library programming. Children & Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children, 9(3), 48-51. Poinier, S., & Alevy, J. (2010). Our instruction does matter! Data collected from students' works cited speaks volumes. Teacher Librarian, 37(3), 38-39. Sugar, W., & Holloman, H. (2009). Technology leaders wanted: Acknowledging the leadership role of a technology coordinator. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 53(6), 66-75. Zabel, D., & Hickey, D. (2011). The reuse evangelist: Taking ownership of copyright questions at your library. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 51(1), 9-11. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-85919001061778584222020-01-11T09:32:00.001-08:002020-01-11T09:32:03.256-08:00Manganese Ore Beneficiation Production LineManganese ore crushing processChunks of manganese ore by silo are evenly sent to first crushing (jaw crusher) for primary crushing by the vibrating feeder, manganese ore coarse crushing by belt conveyor to the secondary crushing (Impact crusher or conecrusher) for further crushing;Manganese ore after crushing is sent into vibrating screen for sieving by belt conveyor, screening out of several different sizes, different specifications of manganese ore, manganese ore to meet the size requirements is sent to the heap of finished material by the finished product belt conveyor;manganese ore without meeting the size requirements is sent back material impact crusher or cone crusher broken again by the belt conveyor forming a closed-circuit and cycling repeatedly. http://www. shzbm. com rotary kiln http://www. pe750. com aw crusherThe product granularity can be combined and graded according to the needs of users, manganese ore processing can be equipped with auxiliary dust removal equipment for the protection of the environment. Manganese is relatively rich resources of lean ore,Disseminated to a large number of high phosphate, high iron ore and beneficial symbiotic metal in manganese ore, causing great difficulties to the beneficiation process. Manganese iron ore beneficiation methods to take ore washing and screening, magnetic separation, gravity separation and flotation, and fire for enrichment, chemical processing method and other methods to complete the beneficiation process. Manganese iron ore beneficiation methods and equipments 1.Washing and screening process: Ore washing process Commonly use these equipments :ore washing sieve ,cylinder ore washing machine and trough washing machine, spiral sand washing machine;Washing mine operation and screening is generally carried out at the same time. 2. Gravity separation process: This process is used for manganese ore sorting with simple structure, disseminated coarser, such as density of oxide ore;The processes used co mmonly have heavy media beneficiation,jigging beneficiation and shaking table beneficiation; 3. Magnetic separation process: High intensity magnetic separation process use magnetic separator to have magnetic separation operation to manganese ore powder,It has several features simple operation, easy to control, strong adaptation. 4.The heavy magnetic separation process: The heavy magnetic separation process has magnetic separation operation to magnetic separator manganese ore powder again,by using a strong magnetic separator. 5. Flotation :Flotation equipment mainly uses the chf inflatable flotation device;good performance, efficiency has been greatly enhanced,it is very suitable for manganese beneficiation process. 6. Pyrometallurgical enrichment process(also known as manganese-rich slag) Pyrometallurgical enrichment method is simple, stable production, effective separation of the ore, iron, phosphorus, and get rich manganese, low iron, low phosphorus manganese-rich slag, this manga nese-rich slag is a high quality manganese alloy materials.For more details on the production equipment of manganese ore, manganese ore stone crushing equipment, manganese ore grinding equipment information, please contact us and leave your contact information, our sales staff or engineers will get in touch with you as soon as possible. If the manganese ore crusher or manganese ore mill produced by us can not meet your needs, We will customize the manganese ore production line that fit you according to your feeding, discharging, yield, hardness and specific material properties Please believe, Shanghai Zhongbo will bring you satisfactory products and good service. http://www. pe600. com ball mill http://www. mining-ss. com rotary kiln http://www. machine-ss. com ball mill manufacture Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-60110566814539867752020-01-03T05:56:00.001-08:002020-01-03T05:56:02.155-08:00The American ( Food ) Revolution - 1270 Words Jaehun Lee 10/8/15 Summer Reading Essay The American (Food) Revolution Medical Experts are divided on whether or not the government should increase regulation on fast and processed foods. Remember those days when Thanksgiving dinners were a family affair? When the whole family went to the supermarket and bought turkey, ham, potatoes, and all of the raw ingredients needed to make every dish? When the whole family worked together to make a Thanksgiving meal to be shared by everyone? Today, this is becoming less of the trend. But the reason most definitely is not because Americans are not celebrating Thanksgiving; rather, it is because buying pre-made meals from chains has become the trend, which essentially eliminates the family aspect of Thanksgiving. We buy everything pre-made: the Boston Marketââ¬â¢s Thanksgiving platter, Star Marketââ¬â¢s pre-cooked and carved turkey and ham, frozen stuffing at Shawââ¬â¢s, etc. Today, many families have chosen the path of convenience when it comes to eating, which is evident when the Boston Market reports that its ââ¬Å"Heat and Serveâ⬠Thanksgiving plattersââ¬â¢ sales have gone up 20% in sales from 2011 to 2012. T his preference for convenience when it comes to eating is also evident with todayââ¬â¢s thriving fast food industry. Every day, about 25% of the American population eats some sort of fast food, says Eric Schlosser in a CBS news interview. Annette Clausen of the Department of Agricultureââ¬â¢s Economic Research Service found that Americans spend 10% of theirShow MoreRelatedEssay about The American Revolution and the Institution of Slavery580 Words à |à 3 PagesIntroduction The American Revolution is defined as the political turbulence that took place towards the end of eighteenth century when thirteen colonies in America united to attain freedom from the British Empire (Clifford, 2005). The union of the thirteen colonies is now known as the United States of America. According to Clifford (2005), the American Revolution occurred because of a series of political, intellectual, and social transformations in the American government and society, which isRead MoreThe Major Causes Of The French Revolution798 Words à |à 4 PagesThe French Revolution paved the way for liberty and equality for the country of France. In order for this to happen, France had to eliminate some major obstacles including King Louis XVI. The problems in France ultimately resulted in a rebellion. Though the American Revolution provided a model of rebellion for revolution in France, the major concepts of the Enlightenment joined with the struggle of the bourgeoisie against the nobili ty to fuel the revolution; the new ideas included equality, leadershipRead MoreThe French Revolution Essay917 Words à |à 4 PagesThe French Revolution was a period of time from 1789 to 1799 in France where there was political instability. It officially began on the 14th of July, 1789, when the Bastille, which was a symbol of the Kingââ¬â¢s harsh policies, was stormed. The King, Louis XVI, the Queen, Marie-Antoinette and about 40,000 people were all brutally murdered. But there was also a positive side, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was formally adopted on August 1789 and feudalism was abolished. This essay willRead MoreWas The Revolution Necessary?1303 Words à |à 6 PagesName: Arran Robinson Revolution: Russian Revolution Please write your essay in the space below. Your essay should answer the question, ââ¬Å"Was the revolution necessary?â⬠Imagine what life was like back then as a peasant. Imagine you were in Russia back in the early 1900ââ¬â¢s, where there was no personal electronic devices, there was no television, and you were probably too poor to afford a radio. Pretty soon however, your life will change because of an event called Bloody Sunday, which started the RussianRead MoreWhat Were The Causes of The Downfall of Louis XVI- Is he fully responsible for his own downfall?1688 Words à |à 7 PagesAs the tragic events of the French Revolution unfolded, King Louis XVI of France soon found himself in the centre of it and gradually became one of the victims. In the morning of Tuesday 21st January 1793, he was woken by his guards and taken to Place de la Revolution. My people, I die an innocent man were his last words to the crowd, and moments later, his head was held up to the crowd . However, what caused the end of monarchy? Was Louis XVI completely responsible for his own downfall? ThereRead MoreAdvantages and Reasons Why the American Colonists Won over the British in the American Revolution1257 Words à |à 6 PagesAdvantages and reasons why the American colonists won over the British in The American Revolution During the American Revolution, The British and the American colonists had many difficulties and challenges to overcome. Both sides had great disadvantages and advantages, but the in the end the colonists had the most advantages and won their independence from the British. Some of the most important reasons the colonists won was that they were fighting on their own continent and knew the land betterRead MoreFrench Revolution754 Words à |à 4 PagesFrench Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution of kingRead MoreThe French Revolution Essay590 Wo rds à |à 3 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, executionRead MoreThe Real Cause of the French Revolution Essay1710 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Real Cause of the French Revolution For hundreds of years historians have tried to find out the real cause of the French Revolution, and they have come up with hundreds of varieties different reasons as well. Spread over the ten-year period from 1789-1799, the French Revolution was initiated by disagreements over the peoples ideas of reform. Seeking equality, libertyRead MoreEssay about The Industrial Revolution in America1118 Words à |à 5 Pagessince its birth out of Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution has been an influence in the American life since it first began in the 1700s. Many of the effects resulting from the revolution still affect America to this day. The entrepreneurs of this time and their industry still are around, although they have molded and shaped themselves into better products their still known from the originality of it all. Although the Industrial Revolution began hundreds of years ago it has affected everything Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-4547714075211601422019-12-26T02:22:00.001-08:002019-12-26T02:22:04.566-08:00Personal Respone on Understanding Fear - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1686 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Sociological Imagination Essay Did you like this example? à An individual of society may go through a lot of changes and experiences during their lifetimes. From the moment the person is born, society ends up playing a huge role on shaping their social interactions, their behaviors, their morals and the things that end up driving their decisions; whether it is love, education, success, wealth, happiness, or fear, among others. Moreover, although individuals experience different situations based on their social class, status, gender, ethnicity and race, there are emotions and feelings that seem to be universal, and that they are able to connect humans on another level through them, such as fear. Further on, the article that will be analyzed is about the long-standing fear of a young woman that had a traumatic adolescence due to her sexual abuse and the indifference of his own father. This writing also gets to explain in detail the roots of that fear, the context of her fear, and the understanding of her fear through various sociological perspectives and lenses, that in the process gives her a comprehension of it to make her finally heal. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Respone on Understanding Fear" essay for you Create order To start, the writers purpose is accentuated since the beginning. She finds that laying out her reasons for her fear, and explaining it in various perspectives will help alleviate her pain. She was raped, unemotionally connected with her father and suffered from severe mental illness. But she wanted to know why years later in situations like choosing a university or committing to a relationship or any other small decision, there was always something preventing her from succeeding. Moreover, that is why she chose to write about it, so she can find out the why, the what, the when and the how of why she is like she is, and how to overcome her fearfulness mind, so she can continue on with her life. Virginia Wolf, once quoted: It is only by putting into words that I make it whole; the wholeness means that it has lost the power to hurt me and in the same way she wanted the hurting to stop through words, she also wanted it to transmit that to other people that might remotely feel the same w ay. Following this further, the article poses various questions that are answered through different sociological views, in both the macro and micro level. She questions why fear is a result of socialization, why is it expected as a woman, why is it interfering with her rational life choices, why is it showing in her behavior and why it is a public issue. Her point of view focusing firstly on her as an individual that is part of society, and then expanding it to the whole spectrum of society, using the symbolic interaction, functionalism and conflict theory approach, to evaluate her fear in diverse manners. The author starts by explaining fear as a result of socialization, given the experiences shes had to go through since she was very young. The primary socialization was the lack of affection by her alcoholic father, and the overall relationship her parents had that contributed to her growing up with instability and anxiety as her norm. And her second, but most impactful socialization was when she was abused at 14 and suffered in silence for a very long time in fear of the man and his possible retaliation. Altogether, instilling in her a sense of always being intimidated by something, or someone, especially the opposite sex, and constructing a social reality in which fear guides her every move, which can be called Constructivism. Constructivism is an extension of the symbolic interaction perspective, which suggests that a persons reality is developed through the interaction with others, and what humans cognitively construct it to be (Lumen). Which would explain why her views of what su rrounds her is rooted in being intimated and fearful, because thats what shaped her in a critical age in which an individual starts to build their reality. This can be exemplified by her behavior towards relationships and her lack of trust to male suitors. She firstly saw this when the relationship of her parents were affected by her fathers alcoholism, and how her mother was full of anxiety because of it. In the same way, as she grew up with a bad fatherly figure, she had no sense of what a good man should be like and it only got worse when she was also sexually abused by one. And so, the symbol of men becoming a source of anxiety in the authors reality in the process. Moreover, since a young age, women are taught to always be cautious of their surroundings, to never walk alone at night, to never talk to or receive drinks from strangers, to dress a certain way to not get assaulted, and so their realities are rooted and constructed in fear. Furthermore, the combination of the perceived fear as part of her reality, and the internalization of women always needing to be cautious as part of society is what pushes her away from something as positive as love, because she is afraid of going through her bad experiences again with the men in her life. On the other hand, as she started to understand more the where, the why, the what of her fear, she also started to understand that fear is widespread, and many individuals in a society can feel it, not only by been abused, but by million other reasons. Throughout history, fear of the other has been instilled in certain groups and has resulted in xenophobia and genocide, and in the last 20 years it has also been seen by the threat of terrorism. A huge example being 9/11 and how it forever changed the socializations of daily Americans. The writer also denotes how the news network can make people afraid of their neighbor, their partners, or even their family, overall showing the lack of trust and instilment of fear as a public issue in both the US and the world. Pursuing this further, the functionalism perspective shows that fear can also be imposed by not only events, but by politicians/elite groups through manipulating of people so they could be afraid of certain group of individuals. Resulting as a consequence, a fear of the outsider and so a lack of integration between the functions in a society. This can be seen with the clashing ideologies, cultural systems and political parties. As far as another macro-sociological perspective that goes along with the line of reasoning is the conflict theory. She proposes that fear is inherent of capitalist societies, one of the reasons being that is an economic system that only a few benefit, and one must always one and must also lose, since is based largely on competition. And so companies or entrepreneurs are constantly on tension and afraid whos going to be one that will be succeeding. At the same time, since capitalism entitles economic inequality, theres always someone that will be worse off, so others can be better off, and the fear of not having economic security can be excruciating to many. Overall, as far as what was mentioned before and my perspective, I have learned about fear in different ways that I have not thought of. Yes, I have thought a lot before about not only the small things, such as being scared of an insect or the deep ocean, but also being scared of not finding a good job or having financial security, and in the worst cases to be sexually assaulted sometime in my life. But the article broadened my horizons in how much fear can be instilled in someones life and how it can be so widespread that it affects a lot of decisions in peoples lives. It also made me think that after all fear might be one of the things that people think and feel the most; the fear of going to war, the fear of being discriminated against, the fear of terrorism, the fear of losing a job, the fear of not doing good in college, the fear of being molested, among million other things people can think of throughout their lifetimes. This has also worked to give me an insight that my fear to a certain situation can also make me think that Im not alone in feeling this way, and just by the fact that so many people share this me, makes me feel I can count on people, I can lean on people and I can connect with them. And at the end of the day, that link you have with people makes you feel less afraid, and more capable of overcoming it. And yes after reading this article, I learned that I can relate on certain things with her. My fears have prevented me from forming new relationships given my trust issues they have also given me so much anxiety that at times it becomes irrational when thinking about my future, and my fears do clash with the person Im trying to be and others expect of me. But at the end, fear and unrest can lead to a change in me to become better, and thats a very important thing to have. In conclusion, the article tackles many important sociological points at the micro and macro level that have served the writer not only to alleviate her pains and fear, but to communicate it to whoever is also feeling the same. She got to do it by explaining her own fear to understand it better herself, so later she could apply it to many events in a persons life to accentuate the fact fear can unite people for the best. Because, although history has shown fear has led to discrimination, genocide, culture clashes, fear has also led for people to resist against it and to lead a change instead. Moreover, in my perspective, this article did serve its purpose and on the way it helped me reflect on my own fears, and how they can become my weapon, instead of my weakness. Bibliography Lumen. Reading: Symbolic Interactionist Theory. ND. Courses Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/intro-to-sociology/chapter/reading-symbolic-interactionist-theory/. 14 July 2018. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-28528612537881641742019-12-17T22:10:00.001-08:002019-12-17T22:10:04.135-08:00Memory And Its Impact On Our Lives - 1373 Words Memory makes us. It is, to an extent, a collection of unique and personal experiences that we, as individuals, have amassed over our lifetime. It is what connects us to our past and what shapes our present and the future. If we are unable remember the what, when, where, and who of our everyday lives, our level of functioning would be greatly impacted. Memory is defined as or recognized as the ââ¬Å"sum or total of what we remember.â⬠Memory provides us the ability to learn and adjust to or from prior experiences. In addition, memory or our ability to remember plays an integral role in the building and sustaining of relationships. Additionally, memory is also a process; it is how we internalize and store our external environment and experiences. It entails the capacity to remember past experiences, and the process of recalling previous experiences, information, impressions, habits and skills to awareness. It is the storage of materials learned and/or retained from our experienc es. This fact is demonstrated by the modification, adjustment and/or adaptation of structure or behavior. Furthermore, we as individuals, envision thoughts and ideas of the present through short-term memory, or in our working memory, we warehouse past experiences and learned values in long-term memory, also referred to as episodic or semantic memory. Most importantly, memory is malleable and it is intimately linked to our sense of identity and where we believe we belong in the world. In remembering thatShow MoreRelatedHow Do We Live On?961 Words à |à 4 PagesHow do we Live on? People live on through others. One of the most debatable questions in the world is, how do we live on? It is a simple answer. There is no concrete evidence that supports life after death or that sprits live on, but it is easily proven that people keep traditions, memories, and images of others. Our past is what shapes our perception therefore shapes our reality. It can be proven that people live on through others, by tradition, through memories, and through images. To confirmRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology1022 Words à |à 5 PagesTechnology affects every aspect of our lives. We as humans use it every day with little to no thought. Humans are becoming more reliant on the internet and other forms of technology to receive their information and communicate. However, the increase in the use of technology has had a negative effect on humansââ¬â¢ health and development and communication. Technology changes the way we live our daily lives, the way we develop, and the way we c ommunicate. Technology is a double edged sword. The internetRead MorePsychology Class From High School Essay1157 Words à |à 5 PagesWhen I started this class this pass September I had a little knowledge of psychology. In my junior year of high school I took Psychology as an elective class. I really enjoy it alot, it amaze me how much there was to know about our brains. This September I came with the feeling that this psychology class was going to be way different from my psychology class from high school. And that my knowledge from my class before wasnââ¬â¢t going to be useful at all. But I was wrong, this class has actually beenRead MoreThe Movie I Watched For My Paper1272 Words à |à 6 PagesThe movie I watched for my paper is called Inside Out. This movie presents the development of an 11-year-old girl named Riley and about how her memories were being formed prior to a life change. Riley lived in Minnesota and loved playing on her hockey team with her best friends, and she was growing up in what she saw as a perfect life. Little did she know that her life would be turned upside down when Riley was forced to drop everything she loved in Minnesota and move to San Francisco with her familyRead MoreThe Most Common Form Of Brain Injury1427 Words à |à 6 Pagesphysical and psychological domains of functionâ⬠(McDonald, Togher, and Code 27). Presumably, these undeniable factors show that brain injuries are highly prevalent to our society now and doctors are beginning to learn and develop better strategies to treat these injuries. The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of brain injuries on our society today, and to analyze the effects and impairments that individuals who suffer a traumatic brain injury may be subject to. Brain injuries not only affectRead MoreElectronic Devices Affect The Way We Communicate1362 Words à |à 6 Pagestechnology. Many people around the world spend a lot of time using their electronic devices such as their cell phones to communicate because it is small and easy to carry around. It makes it easy for them to access the Internet and itââ¬â¢s an addiction to our lives. Today, text messaging is very popular and it is being dominated by technology because it is a form of communicating with others. In this generation today, technology changed the way society communicates. With the advancement of technologies, a textRead MoreSpiegelman s Imaginary Homelands By Salman Rushdie1386 Words à |à 6 Pagescriteria for a successful or unsuccessful work of literature. His input on an author having past correlations, separate identities, and memories to right their novel is shown in the writings of Art Spiegelmanââ¬â¢s Maus series. Spiegelman demonstrates that the connections fro m where you are from, the identities you have, and the memories you hold have an immense impact on an authorââ¬â¢s narrative. No matter where you end up in at the end of your life, you will always have a connection of where you are fromRead MoreBiological And Psychological Changes Of Aging852 Words à |à 4 Pagesbody goes through while aging; the biological and psychological changes that impact your ââ¬Å"happy agingâ⬠? All human beings yearn to live elated and eternally while achieving a happily ever after. No one thinks about the termination of his/her life, however, individually still aging and pushing through lifeââ¬â¢s struggles. In this paper, I will explain how biological and psychological changes involved with ââ¬Å"happy agingâ⬠impact aging individuals in the workplace. Aging is an element all of us primatesRead MoreHuman Memory : Malleable Memory826 Words à |à 4 Pages Malleable Memories Maybe people shouldnt trust their memories. Human Memories From long time ago, humans have tried to find out what memory is, and how it works. But no one thought about that will memories goes wrong. The study of human memory can be traced back 2,300 years, Aristotle first gave his understand and analysis of memory. Everyone knows that memory is an important part of our lives, but it is also one of the most elusive parts of human. If people compare life to a wonderful movie,Read MoreMemory Isa Constructive and Dynmaic System Rather Thana Passive Mechanism for Recording External Information. Evaluate This Claim, Making Reference to Research Findings1669 Words à |à 7 PagesMemory is a constructive and dynamic system rather than a passive mechanism for recording external information. Evaluate this claim, making reference to research findings. In order to evaluate this claim it is necessary to look at some of the research that has been carried out on memory. Most of the relevant research findings support the theory that memory is indeed a constructive and dynamic system but how much of what we store in our memory is down to active and conscious energy and how much Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-13569991787263433242019-12-09T18:53:00.001-08:002019-12-09T18:53:02.851-08:00Mixed Methods Research to Business Question: Discuss about the Mixed Methods Research to Business. Answer: Introduction Ethical consumers are motivating the production of ethical products that will be organic, cruelty free and contains fair trade. According to Hughes et al., (2015), this is also called as positive buying which is very important as it directly supports progressive companies. On the other hand, negative buying means neglecting products those customers condemn such as battery eggs or polluting vehicles. Nowadays, customers are eager to think the authority of their private utilization behaviours on problems related to social ethics and thereby effort to bring about communal changes by their purchasing behaviour. Biggest example of such behaviour can be seem in China where customers are boycotting pirated goods and supporting companies that have acted ethically and are following sustainable manufacturing processes (Tilikidou et al., 2014). Literature review Slowly but steadily issues associated to ethical utilization is increasing in the society and among the customers. Therefore, the business organizations are putting more emphasis on manufacturing eco-friendly commodities without giving away aesthetic attributes and sensible price. In order to recognize ethical consumption-related behaviour, a number of studies are conducted. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Value-Belief-Attitude logic are the most important frameworks for describing ethical consumption (Hwang Kim, 2016). In case of TPB, there is still lack of theoretical understanding that can describe the presence of ethical customers and their buying behaviour. That is why; this study will explore ethical utilization starting the viewpoint of Value-Belief-Attitude judgment. Value-Belief-Attitude (VBA) logic According to Jung et al., (2016), VBN conjecture describes how the attitudes concerning ecological concerns and problems are collectively developed. This theory states that encouragement for customer eco friendly practices lies in a combination of principles, viewpoint and individual norms that impels customers operating in customs following the moral utilization movement. Besides, new ethical choices are entering customer consciousness and as a result, it has become for the companies to understand those choices. As mentioned by Deng et al., (2015), customers are gaining more knowledge about eco-friendly products which is actually influencing their buying behaviour. Besides, customers are also aware to the behavioural support for a regulatory norm in selecting environmental goods. Green Purchasing: Green purchasing is a concept that influences customers to buy eco-friendly products. It refers to the procurement of environment friendly goods while neglecting goods that can damage the environment (Cherian Jacob, 2012). Green purchase behaviour of the customers represents a multifaceted form of ethical decision-making activities which is known as a type of socially responsible performance. These types of merchandise are environmentally greater and have low ecological impact (Arli et al., 2016). These types of products are manufactured using materials that are harmless to the environment and are recyclable. Some examples of such products are organic products, herbal products and energy efficient light bulbs. Pro-ecologicalbelief: This conviction is oriented toward the surroundings and combined good which is well-known from an entirely self-interested attitude. According to Carrington et al., (2016), when customers are alarmed regarding the environment, they vocally support maximum goods that seek to enhance it. However, there is problem with this concept. Until customers are sure that a company has successfully put this pro-environmental belief into practice and it will make a different to the environment, they will not buy products of that organization. That is why; sometimes it is seen that organizations are not gaining any profits in spite of selling eco-friendly products (Sudbury-Riley Kohlbacher, 2016). Ethical consumer concept: The expression ethical consumer was first introduced by the UK publication Ethical Consumer that was first released in the year of 1989 (Sudbury-Riley Kohlbacher, 2016). It innovated rating tables that was enthused by the criteria-based approach of the then promising ethical investment movement. Ethical customers ratings tables were used to provide negative or positive marks to the organizations based on some ecological categories such as animal rights, pollution and individual rights (Ghvanidze et al., 2016). Consumers who buy products based on these facts are known as ethical consumers. Another side of this concept which is known as ethical consumerism has become the broad level for the companies that provide goods that plea to peoples best selves such as fair trade coffee or a buy that contains a contribution to generous cause. Conclusion In the end, it can be concluded that the concept of ethical consumers do exist in the market; however, no theory or concept can describe it perfectly. However, it is also true that high price, minimum accessibility and lack of customer faith in green products has emerged as a major barrier toward purchase of green products. This the only reason that currently ShopHere is facing issues and their profit margin is going down. It is the high time for them to conduct a research in order to find out how they can convince customers about their eco-friendly approach and can gain more profit. References Arli, D., Leo, C., Tjiptono, F. (2016). Investigating the impact of guilt and shame proneness on consumer ethics: a cross national study.International Journal of Consumer Studies,40(1), 2-13. Carrington, M. J., Zwick, D., Neville, B. (2016). The ideology of the ethical consumption gap.Marketing Theory,16(1), 21-38. Cherian, J., Jacob, J. (2012). Green marketing: A study of consumers' attitude towards environment friendly products.Asian Social Science,8(12), 117. Deng, X. (2015). Understanding Chinese consumers ethical purchasing decision-making process: A combination of qualitative and quantitative study.Geoforum,67, 204-213. Ghvanidze, S., Velikova, N., Dodd, T. H., Oldewage-Theron, W. (2016). Consumers' environmental and ethical consciousness and the use of the related food products information: The role of perceived consumer effectiveness.Appetite,107, 311-322. Hughes, A., McEwan, C., Bek, D. (2015). Mobilizing the ethical consumer in South Africa.Geoforum,67, 148-157. Hwang, K., Kim, H. (2016). Are Ethical Consumers Happy? Effects of Ethical Consumers' Motivations Based on Empathy Versus Self-orientation on Their Happiness.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-20. Jung, H. J., Kim, H., Oh, K. W. (2016). Green Leather for Ethical Consumers in China and Korea: Facilitating Ethical Consumption with ValueBeliefAttitude Logic.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-20. Sudbury-Riley, L., Kohlbacher, F. (2016). Ethically minded consumer behavior: Scale review, development, and validation.Journal of Business Research,69(8), 2697-2710. Tilikidou, I., Delistavrou, A., Sapountzis, N. (2014). Customers ethical behaviour towards hotels.Procedia Economics and Finance,9, 425-432. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-44127584913726755752019-12-02T06:35:00.001-08:002019-12-02T06:35:04.850-08:00Types of Crime Against Women Essay Sample free essay sample Through The ages. there have been assorted offenses and assorted signifiers of offenses practised in our state. Few outstanding amongst them are as follows:1. ) Sati Pratha2. ) Dowry and Dowry Deaths.3. ) Rape4. ) Prostitution and Immoral Woman Trafficing5. ) Domestic Violence6. ) Child Marriage Now We shall briefly understand about the beginning of these humanly wickednesss and as to how did it go a practise and came into beginning. 1. ) Sati Pratha ââ¬â The combustion of the widow: Sati is described as a Hindu usage in India in which the widow was burnt to ashes on her dead husbandââ¬â¢s pyre or a married woman immolated herself at the funeral pyre of her hubby. Basically the usage of Sati was believed to be a voluntary Hindu act in which the adult female voluntary decides to stop her life with her hubby after his decease. But there were many incidences in which the adult females were forced to perpetrate Sati. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Crime Against Women Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page sometimes even dragged against her wish to the lighted pyre. Sati in Hinduism therefore means a adult female to the full dedicated to her hubby and it was neer a pattern or a pratha during early yearss. Some cases of voluntary self-immolation by both adult females and work forces that may be regarded as at least partially historical histories are included in the Mahabharata and other plants. Besides. neither immolation nor the desire for self-immolation are regarded as a usage in the Mahabharata. Use of the term ââ¬Ësatiââ¬â¢ to depict the usage of self-immolation does non happen in the Mahabarata. unlike other imposts. such as the Rajasuya yagna. The self-immolations are viewed as an look of utmost heartache at the loss of a darling one. Though Sati is considered a Hindu usage. the adult females. known as Sati in Hindu spiritual literature. did non perpetrate self-destruction on their dead husbandââ¬â¢s pyre. The first adult female known as Sati was the consort of Lord Shiva. She burnt herself in fire as protest against her male parent who did non give her consort Shiva the regard she thought he deserved. while firing herself she prayed to reborn once more as the new consort of Shiva. which she became and her name in the new embodiment was Parvati. Other celebrated adult female in Hindu literature titled Sati was Savitri. When Savitriââ¬â¢s hubby Satyavan died. the Lord of decease. Yama arrived to take his psyche. Savitri begged Yama to reconstruct Satyavan and take her life alternatively. which he could non make. So Savitri followed Lord Yama a long manner. After a long manner in which Yama noticed that Savitri was losing strength but was still following him and her dead hubby. Yama offered Savitri a blessing. anything other than her husbandââ¬â¢s life. Savitri asked to hold kids from Satyavan. In order to give Savitri her blessing. Lord Yama had no pick but to reconstruct Satyavan to life and so Savitri gained her hubby back. This act. which was ab initio performed by the consort of shiv to pass her hereafter births with her. recently became a practise when people thought it was a usage and forcefully started puting widows of the asleep adult male to pyre. Few dependable records exist of the pattern before the clip of the Gupta imperium. about 400 CE. After about this clip. cases of sati began to be marked by inscribed memorial rocks. The earliest of these are found in Sagar. Madhya Pradesh. though the largest aggregations day of the month from several centuries subsequently. and are found in Rajasthan. These rocks. called devli. or sati-stones. became shrines to the dead adult female. who was treated as an object of fear and worship. They are most common in western India. One of the outstanding grounds for sati was. that A widowââ¬â¢s position was looked upon as an unwanted load that prevented her from take parting in the family work. Her touch. her voice. her really visual aspect was considered unhal lowed. impure and something was to be shunned and abhorred. Sati still occurs. albeit seldom. in the rural countries. A good documented instance from 1987 was that of 18-year old Roop Kanwar. In response to this incident. extra recent statute law against the pattern was passed. first by the province authorities of Rajasthan. so by the cardinal authorities of India. In 2002. a 65-year-old adult female by the name of Kuttu died after sitting on her husbandââ¬â¢s funeral pyre in the Indian Panna territory. On 18 May 2006. Vidyawati. a 35-year-old adult female allegedly committed sati by leaping into the blazing funeral pyre of her hubby in Rari-Bujurg Village. Fatehpur territory in the State of Uttar Pradesh. On 21 August 2006. Janakrani. a 40-year-old adult female. burnt to decease on the funeral pyre of her hubby Prem Narayan in Sagar territory. On October 11. 2008. a 75-year-old adult female committed sati by leaping into her 80-year-old husbandââ¬â¢s funeral pyre at Checher in the Kasdol block of Chhattisgarhââ¬â¢s Raipur. 2. ) Dowry and Dowry Death: ââ¬Å"Dowryâ⬠refers to money. goods or belongings that a adult female brings into the matrimony ââ¬â i t is paid by the womanââ¬â¢s household to the manââ¬â¢s household. Dowry originated in upper caste households as the nuptials gift to the bride from her household. The dowery was subsequently given to assist with matrimony disbursals and became a signifier of insurance in the instance that her in-laws abused her. Although the dowery was lawfully prohibited in 1961. it continues to be extremely institutionalized. The groom frequently demands a dowry consisting of a big amount of money. cars. farm animate beings. furniture. and electronics. The pattern of dowery maltreatment is lifting in India. The most terrible in ââ¬Å"bride burningâ⬠. the combustion of adult females whose doweries were non considered sufficient by their hubby or in-laws. Most of these incidents are reported as inadvertent Burnss in the kitchen or are disguised as self-destruction. It is apparent that there exist deep frozen biass against adult females in India. Cultural patterns such as the payment of dowry tend to subordinate adult females in Indian society. Though prohibited by jurisprudence in 1961. the extraction of DOWRY from the brideââ¬â¢s household prior to marriage still occurs. When the dowery sum is non considered sufficient or is non extroverted. the bride is frequently harassed. abused and made suffering. This maltreatment can intensify to the point where the hubby or his household burn the bride. frequently by pouring kerosine on her and illuming it. normally killing her. The official records of these incidents are low becaus e they are frequently reported as accidents or self-destructions by the household. In Delhi. a adult female is burned to decease about every 12 hours. The figure of dowry slayings is increasing. In 1988. 2. 209 adult females were killed in dowery related incidents and in 1990. 4. 835 were killed. It is of import to repeat that these are official records. which are vastly under reported. The deficiency of official enrollment of this offense is evident in Delhi. where 90 per centum of instances of adult females burnt were recorded as accidents. five per centum as self-destruction and merely the staying five per centum were shown as slaying. Harmonizing to Government figures there were a sum of 5. 377 dowry deceases in 1993. an addition of 12 % from 1992. Despite the being of strict Torahs to forestall dowry-deaths under a 1986 amendment to the Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) . strong beliefs are rare. and Judgess ( normally work forces ) are frequently uninterested and susceptible to graft. Recent newspaper studies have focused on the dismaying rate of deceases of married adult females in Hamirpur. Mandi and Bilaspur territories in the pro vince of Himachal Pradesh. A Survey Suggests. it is chiefly the social perceptual experience of adult female being less productive than adult male that define womanââ¬â¢s topographic point in society. This manifests in what she calls ââ¬Å"Zero-political Statusâ⬠. and denial of basic civil rights to them. She observes that dowery is a clear avowal of the fact that oneââ¬â¢s gender determines oneââ¬â¢s worth or significance. Since worth is distributed unevenly amongst the sexes at birth. worth-deficiency amongst females can be offset by stuff additives that is dowry. The roots of this deserving lack of adult females are so deep-seated that even the brides who earn more than their hubbies are made to experience an duty to provide dowry goods and services along after their matrimony merely every bit are the adult females who earn nil. The dowry deceases. therefore. she observes. make non happen because there is a mismatch between gifts demanded by in-laws and nowadayss received. but because immature married adult females customarily have no political significance in their new households. The uninterrupted demand for dowery is but one of the ways in which the deficient political position is exploited. This lack is used to mistreat her in countless other ways excessively. Therefore. the term ââ¬Ëdowry-deathsââ¬â¢ is a misnomer because dowery related harassment occurs as portion of a larger authorization to suppress a human with zero-political position. Dowry is barely of all time the individual cause of so called dowery deceases. In other words. even if demands for dowery were to be satisfied to the full. immature adult females would go on to confront anguish and torment in their in-laws places because of their custom-sanctioned-inferiority that robs them of their basic human rights. The Madhya Pradesh province authorities in respects to the same is now running assorted policies to diminish and get rid of female feuticide and besides supply better support to them. The Very celebrated amongst them is ââ¬Å"Beti Bachao Andolanâ⬠. The pattern of dowery maltreatment is lifting in India. The most terrible in ââ¬Å"bride burningâ⬠. the combustion of adult females whose doweries were non considered sufficient by their hubby or in-laws. Most of these incidents are reported as inadvertent Burnss in the kitchen or are disguised as self-destruction. It is apparent that there exist deep frozen biass against adult females in India. Cultural patterns such as the payment of dowry tend to subordinate adult fema les in Indian society. Though prohibited by jurisprudence in 1961. the extraction of DOWRY from the brideââ¬â¢s household prior to marriage still occurs. When the dowery sum is non considered sufficient or is non extroverted. the bride is frequently harassed. abused and made miserable. This maltreatment can intensify to the point where the hubby or his household burn the bride. frequently by pouring kerosine on her and illuming it. normally killing her. The official records of these incidents are low because they are frequently reported as accidents or self-destructions by the household. In Delhi. a adult female is burned to decease about every 12 hours. The figure of dowry slayings is increasing. In 1988. 2. 209 adult females were killed in dowery related incidents and in 1990. 4. 835 were killed. It is of import to repeat that these are official records. which are vastly under reported. The deficiency of official enrollment of this offense is evident in Delhi. where 90 per centum of instances of adult females burnt were recorded as accidents. five per centum as self-destruction and merely the staying five per centum were shown as slaying. Harmonizing to Government figures there were a sum of 5. 377 dowry deceases in 1993. an addition of 12 % from 1992. Despite th e being of strict Torahs to forestall dowry-deaths under a 1986 amendment to the Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) . strong beliefs are rare. and Judgess ( normally work forces ) are frequently uninterested and susceptible to graft. Recent newspaper studies have focused on the dismaying rate of deceases of married adult females in Hamirpur. Mandi and Bilaspur territories in the province of Himachal Pradesh. A Survey Suggests. it is chiefly the social perceptual experience of adult female being less productive than adult male that define womanââ¬â¢s topographic point in society. This manifests in what she calls ââ¬Å"Zero-political Statusâ⬠. and denial of basic civil rights to them. She observes that dowery is a clear avowal of the fact that oneââ¬â¢s gender determines oneââ¬â¢s worth or significance. Since worth is distributed unevenly amongst the sexes at birth. worth-deficiency amongst females can be offset by stuff additives that is dowry. The roots of this deserving lack of adult females are so deep-seated that even the brides who earn more than their hubbies are made to experience an duty to provide dowry goods and services along after their matrimony merely every bit are the adult females w ho earn nil. The dowry deceases. therefore. she observes. make non happen because there is a mismatch between gifts demanded by in-laws and nowadayss received. but because immature married adult females customarily have no political significance in their new households. The uninterrupted demand for dowery is but one of the ways in which the deficient political position is exploited. This lack is used to mistreat her in countless other ways excessively. Therefore. the term ââ¬Ëdowry-deathsââ¬â¢ is a misnomer because dowery related harassment occurs as portion of a larger authorization to suppress a human with zero-political position. Dowry is barely of all time the individual cause of so called dowery deceases. In other words. even if demands for dowery were to be satisfied to the full. immature adult females would go on to confront anguish and torment in their in-laws places because of their custom-sanctioned-inferiority that robs them of their basic human rights. The Madhya Pradesh province authorities in respects to the same is now running assorted policies to diminish and get rid of female feuticide and besides supply better support to them. The Very celebrated amongst them is ââ¬Å"Beti Bachao Andolanâ⬠. 3. ) Rape: The Most Henious Crime against Women: Rape is a type of sexual assault normally affecting sexual intercourse. which is initiated by one or more individuals against another individual without that personââ¬â¢s consent. The act may be carried out by physical force. coercion. maltreatment of authorization or with a individual who is incapable of valid consent. such as one who is unconscious. incapacitated. or below the legal age of consent. There are several types of colza. by and large categorized by mention to the state of affairs in which it occurs. the sex or features of the victim. and/or the sex or features of the culprit. Different types of colza include but are non limited to: day of the month colza. pack colza. matrimonial colza. incestual colza. kid sexual maltreatment. prison colza. familiarity colza. war colza and statutory colza. Rape in India is one of Indiaââ¬â¢s most common offenses against adult females. Marital colza that occurs when partners are populating together can merely be dealt under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 which merely provides civil redresss to victims ( it is a signifier of non-criminal domestic force ) . Marital colza is non a condemnab le discourtesy. except when partners are separated. Rape instances in India have doubled between 1990 and 2008. Below is the Incidence and rate of Knowable Crimes ( IPC ) and % alteration during the old ages: Incidence and rate of Knowable Crimes ( IPC ) and % alteration during the old ages: Crime head| 2001| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010 Rape ( Section 376 IPC ) | 16075 ( 1. 6 % ) | 19348 ( 1. 7 % ) | 20737 ( 1. 8 % ) | 21467 ( 1. 9 % ) | 21397 ( 1. 8 % ) | 22172 ( 1. 9 % ) |In ancient history. colza was viewed less as a type of assault on the female. than a serious belongings offense against the adult male to whom she belonged. typically the male parent or hubby. The loss of virginity was an particularly serious affair. The harm due to loss of virginity was reflected in her decreased chances in happening a hubby and in her bride monetary value. This was particularly true in the instance of bespoken virgins. as the loss of celibacy was perceived as badly deprecating her value to a prospective hubby. In such instances. the jurisprudence would invalidate the engagement and demand fiscal compensation from the raper. collectible to the womanââ¬â¢s family. whose ââ¬Å"goodsâ⬠were ââ¬Å"damagedâ⬠. Under scriptural jurisprudence. the raper might be compelled to get married the single adult female alternativ ely of having the civil punishment if her male parent agreed. This was particularly prevailing in Torahs where the offense of colza did non include. as a necessary component. the misdemeanor of the womanââ¬â¢s organic structure. therefore spliting the offense in the current significance of colza and a agency for a adult male and adult female to coerce their households to allow matrimony. The word colza itself originates from the Latin verb rapere: to prehend or take by force. The word originally had no sexual intension and is still used generically in English. The history of colza. and the changes of its significance. is rather complex. In Roman jurisprudence. colza. or seizure was classified as a signifier of crimen vis. ââ¬Å"crime of assault. â⬠The construct of raptuswas applied to the abduction of a adult female against the will of the adult male under whose authorization she lived. and sexual intercourse was non even a necessary component. Like larceny or robbery. colza was originally considered a ââ¬Å"private wrongâ⬠iniuria privita. a offense between the kidnapper and the legal defender of the adult female in inquiry. It was made into a ââ¬Å"public wrongâ⬠iniuria publica by the Roman Emperor Constantine. 4. ) Prostitution: Prostitution is the concern or pattern of supplying sexual services to another individual in return for payment. The individual who receives payment for sexual services is called a cocotte or sex worker. and the individual who receives such services is known by a battalion of footings. Prostitution is one of the subdivisions of the sex industry. The legal position of harlotry varies from state to state. from being allowable but unregulated. to a punishable offense or to a regulated profession. Estimates place the one-year gross generated from the planetary harlotry industry to be over $ 100 billion. Prostitution is sometimes referred to as ââ¬Å"the worldââ¬â¢s oldest professionâ⬠. Prostitution occurs in a assortment of signifiers. Whorehouses are constitutions specifically dedicated to harlotry. In escort harlotry. the act may take topographic point at the customerââ¬â¢s abode or hotel room ( referred to as out-call ) . or at the escortââ¬â¢s abode or in a hotel room rented for the juncture by the bodyguard ( called in-call ) . Another signifier is street harlotry. Womans involved in Prostitution are called Prostitutes. ââ¬Å"Prostituteâ⬠is derived from the Latin prostituta. Some beginnings cite the verb as a composing of ââ¬Å"proâ⬠intending ââ¬Å"up frontâ⬠or ââ¬Å"forwardâ⬠and ââ¬Å"situereâ⬠. defined as ââ¬Å"to offer up for saleâ⬠. Another account is that ââ¬Å"prostitutaâ⬠is a composing of pro and statuere ( to do to stand. to station. topographic point erect ) . A actual interlingual rendition therefore is: ââ¬Å"to put up forepart for saleâ⬠or ââ¬Å"to topographic point forwardâ⬠. The on-line Etymology Dictionary provinces. ââ¬Å"The impression of ââ¬Ësex for hireââ¬â¢ is non built-in in the etymology. which instead suggests one ââ¬Ëexposed to lustââ¬â¢ or arouse ââ¬Ëindiscriminately offered. â⬠Peoples frequently debate about doing prostitution legal in India. believing. it will non merely supply security to workers engaged in this industry but besides prtect their rights and cut down other offenses such as Rape. Prostitution has existed in India. since Time immemorial. It is besides referred to in Vedas. Puranas. Mahabharata and Ramayana. As a affair of fact. public adult females occupied an of import topographic point in the metropolis life of Ancient India. They were called ââ¬Å"Beauties of Cityâ⬠and the Puranaââ¬â¢s province that really sight of prostitute brought good fortune. They had an honoured topographic point. because it was believed that cohabitation of work forces with the Apsaras of Eden had resulted in the creative activity of cocottes. Prostitution may sometimes be associated with illegal. opprobrious and unsafe activities such as human trafficking. sexual bondage. sexual development of kids. assault. drug covering and illegal in-migration. One position maintains that this consequences from harlotry being stigmatized or illegal. or both. Another. nevertheless. believes that legalising and modulating harlotry does non better the state of affairs. but alternatively makes it worse. making aââ¬â¢s parallel illegal harlotry industry. and neglecting to disassociate the legal portion of the sex trade from offense. 5. ) Domestic Violence: Domestic Violence can be described as when one grownup in a relationship misuses power to command another. It is the constitution of control and fright in a relationship through force and other signifiers of maltreatment. The force may affect physical maltreatment. sexual assault and menaces. Sometimes itââ¬â¢s more elusive. like doing person feel worthless. non allowing them have any money. or non leting them to go forth the place. Social isolation and emotional maltreatment can hold durable effects every bit good as physical force. Domestic Violence isnââ¬â¢t merely hitting. or contending. or an occasional statement. Itââ¬â¢s an maltreatment of power. The maltreater anguishs and controls the victim by deliberate menaces. bullying. and physical force. . Although both work forces and adult females can be abused. in most instances. the victims are adult females. Children in places where there is domestic force are besides abused or neglected. Although the adult female is normally the primary mark. force is sometimes directed toward kids. and sometimes toward household members and friends. 6. ) Child Marriage: Child matrimony and kid engagement imposts occur in assorted times and topographic points. whereby kids are given in marriage ââ¬â before nubile age as defined by the observer and frequently before pubescence. Today such imposts are reasonably widespread in parts of Africa. Asia. Oceania and South America: in former times it occurred besides in Europe. It is often associated with ordered matrimony. In some instances merely one marriage-partner is a kid. normally the female. due to importance placed upon female virginity. the sensed inability of adult females to work for money and to womenââ¬â¢s shorter generative life relation to menââ¬â¢s. An addition in the protagonism of human rights. whether as womenââ¬â¢s rights or as childrenââ¬â¢s rights. has caused traditions of child matrimony to diminish in many countries. Child matrimony. besides known as Bal Vivaha. is believed to hold begun during the mediaeval ages of India. At this clip. the political ambiance was disruptive and ruled by Delhi Sultans in an absolute monarchy authorities. The grand Turks had an utmost committedness to their faith and forced many to change over. doing socio-cultural agitation. and Hindu adult females suffered the most. These yearss of the Delhi Sultans produced patterns such as child matrimony and lowered the position of adult females even further. They invented the sick portents of giving birth to a female babe and believed that immature single misss caused catastrophe. Child matrimony became a widespread cultural pattern with assorted grounds to warrant it. and many matrimonies were performed while the miss was still an baby. The caste system is besides believed to hold contributed to the growing of child matrimony. Castes. which are based on birth and heredity. make non let two people to get married if they are from different castes. This system was threatened by immature peopleââ¬â¢s emotions and desires to get married outside their caste. so out of necessity. child matrimony was created to guarantee the caste system continued. Child matrimony tradition in India has societal grounds excessively. Indians used to execute kid matrimonies to acquire their misss protected against colzas and abductions by foreign swayers. The other grounds were that to beef up household dealingss and bonds. and to fulfill the senior people who wanted to see their expansive kids matrimonies before their decease. However in child matrimony system. the parents used to direct their misss to their husbandââ¬â¢s house merely after achieving Puberty. The immature hubby and married woman used to take household life through out regardless of likes and disfavors. In some economically hapless households. the parents used to execute matrimonies to their under aged misss even with much aged work forces. Some households used to execute kid ma trimonies with a fright that the kids may divert off the path after making teenage. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-66567018698431110852019-11-26T23:58:00.001-08:002019-11-26T23:58:04.264-08:00Wetland Resource in Bangladesh EssaysWetland Resource in Bangladesh Essays Wetland Resource in Bangladesh Essay Wetland Resource in Bangladesh Essay Wetland Resources in Bangladesh Saroar M. Mustafa Concept, Types and Status of Wetlands in Bangladesh: The Ramsar Convention (1971) has defined wetlands as areas of marsh, fen, peat-land, or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres. The Ramsar definition of wetlands lumps together a wide range of contrasting habitats like fluvial, coastal and marine. Nevertheless, the Ramsar definition has been adopted and being used in Bangladesh. Wetlands of Bangladesh are classified on the basis of their hydrological and ecological functions and land types. Broadly wetland in Bangladesh is divided into estuarine and freshwater systems, which again further subdivided by soil type and plant life. Thus wetlands include areas of marsh, fen, bog, flood plain, and shallow coastal areas. Wetland area is characterized by sluggish or standing water that can create an open water habitat for wildlife. As I mentioned earlier wetlands in Bangladesh are represented by both inland freshwater and estuarine/tidal salt-water wetlands. Flood plains, beels (low-lying depressions in the flood plain), haors and baors (oxbow lakes) represent the inland freshwater wetlands (Khan et al. 1994). The haors are bowl-shaped natural depressions between the natural levees of the river subject to monsoonal flooding every year. While the haor itself is a seasonal water body formed during the monsoon, the beels are low-lying depressions of the haor system retaining water even during the dry months of the season. Thus, the haor system is a complex of both lacustrine and palustrine wetlands depending on the hydraulic behavior in different seasons. The ecology of the haor system is principally driven by seasonal hydraulics. During the monsoon, the entire haor system becomes a single body of open water linked to the river system. When floodwater recedes, the beels become isolated and remain as standing water bodies till the next rainy season. They differ from a true lake system in that the main source of waters in tropical lakes is rainwater, while a haor system depends on both precipitation and floodwater as sources of water. Estuarine/tidal salt-water wetlands constitute about 25 per cent of the land area and are represented by mangroves, salt marsh, lagoons, deltaic islands, sand dunes and beaches, barrier islands, sea grass and coral habitats. In the following table major types of wetlands of Bangladesh are presented. 1. Saltwater wetlandsa) Marine permanent shallow waters at low tide, eg bay coral reefs, eg St Martins reef b) Estuarine intertidal mud, sand or salt flats with limited vegetation, eg newly-accreted land intertidal marshes intertidal forest wetlands including mangroves, eg Sundarbans c) Lagoonal brackish to saline lagoons with narrow connection with sea 2. Freshwater wetlandsa) Riverine wetlands permanent rivers and streams including some char land, temporary seasonal rivers and streams b) Lacustrine wetlands There are thousands of lakes of varying sizes in Bangladesh, the greatest concentrations being in the main delta region covering the districts of Rajshahi, Pabna, Khulna, Jessore, Faridpur, Comilla and Noakhali. c) Palustrine wetlands permanent freshwater marshes and swamps with emergent vegetation, permanent peat-forming freshwater swamps, freshwater swamp forest, eg hijal forests of lowland 3. Man-made wetlands aquaculture ponds (brackish and freshwater) irrigated land and irrigation channels salt pans hydro-dam, eg Kaptai Lake However, the areal extent of wetlands in the above classification is not available. A different classification is show to give idea about the wetland in Bangladesh which is rather indicative than exact as primarily because size of each wetland varies depending on season; Monsoon, for example when area under wetland increase by contrast during wet season it shrink. Types of wetlands and their areas (in sq km) Open waters Rivers7,497 Estuaries and mangrove swamps 6,102 Beels and haors 1,142 Inundable floodplains54,866 Kaptai Lake688 Closed water/Ponds 1,469 Baors (Oxbow Lakes) 55 Brackish-water farms1,080 Total72,899 Source Khan 1994 Significance of Wetlands in Context of Bangladesh: Wetlands are critically important in Bangladesh for human settlements, biodiversity, fisheries, agricultural diversity, navigation communication, and ecotourism. These are discussed in some details in the following sections. In a land scare country like Bangladesh where average population density is almost 1000 person per sq. m people in the marginalized category build their habitat/settlement in the wetland in the event of acute shortage of buildable high land. Flood plain areas are the treasure-house for rice- the staple food of Bangladeshi people. More than 100 varieties, some of which are even deep water tolerant, local rice are cultivated in these floodplains. Thus floodplain is the power house of rural economy in Bangladesh. S imilarly in the wetlands of Bangladesh more than 250 species of freshwater fishes are available. Freshwater capture fishery is an important source of employment in the fishery sector and the key supply source of animal protein especially for the rural people. About 200 million people still directly or indirectly depend on freshwater fishing for their livelihood (Tsai, and Ali, 1997). A part from that, wetlands are valuable sources of food (vegetable), fuel, fodder and traditional medicine in rural Bangladesh. For a vast tract of areas especially in the north-east, south and south-central part of Bangladesh both perennial and seasonal floodplains are they key means of transport and communication for the rural people. In the context of biodiversity (which includes: plant diversity, faunal diversity and habitat diversity) wetlands in Bangladesh perform significant role. These are important habitats for a large variety of flora and fauna of local, national and regional significance. In the freshwater wetlands the floral composition includes trees, shrubs and aquatic vegetation. More than 5,000 species of flowering plants exist in these wetland areas (Khan, 1998). Here wetlands support 660 species of birds which represents about 50% of the total number of bird species recorded from the entire Indian sub-continent, and over 7% of the known bird species in the world (Harvey 1992). On the other hand, rich aquatic biodiversity also includes 260 species of freshwater fish belonging to 55 families (placing Bangladesh third in the world in terms of fish species per land area) (Tsai and Ali, (Eds). 1997). At any rate, the known levels of endemism in the Ganges/Brahmaputra basin are very high: 25% of the aquatic species found in this basin are found nowhere else in the world. Because of its geographical position at the receiving end of the three major rivers, and given the dispersal behavior of aquatic biodiversity, the wetlands of Bangladesh become crucial for conserving the globally important biodiversity of the entire basin (Hussain, 1997). Likewise, the estuarine/ marine resources of the Bay of Bengal are part of the worldââ¬â¢s largest malacological province. These resources include clams, oysters, scallops, snails, slugs, chiton, squids, octopuses and some others. The ichthyo-fauna of the Bay of Bengal includes about 475 recorded species of fish, 53 of which are cartilaginous and 422 species are bony fish (IUCN, 1989). Chowdhury and Sanaullah (1991) described 19 species of shrimps and prawns found in the marine waters of Bangladesh. At least seven species of edible oyster can be found in the coastal waters of Bangladesh. Apart from those wetlands perform significant ecological and environmental services and functions which could not be replaced by artificial means or adopting artificial method would entail significant cost. Among other the role of purification of water in the marsh is an important one. From the foregoing discussion it is evident that have a wide range of ecological, socio-cultural, economic and commercial importance and values in Bangladesh. Causes and Consequence of Wetland Degradation: Various development interventions/activities undertaken without much consideration of wetland ecosystems in the post independent period of Bangladesh have caused irreversible damage to the wetlands. For example, massive physical infrastructures in the form of rural road and flood embankment have been developed in the wetlands including floodplains and haor areas. Many of these infrastructures disregarded local topographic condition and natural water flow direction, which has often resulted in poor drainage or water logging and impacted on the local surface water regime. The critical point of such development activities in the wetlands led the transformation very rapidly at a massive scale. In the Ganges-Brahmaputra floodplain area, about 2. 1 million ha of wetland have been lost to Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation development projects (FCDI). Introduction of HYV of rice which requires high inputs like mechanical tillage, chemical fertilizer, insecticide, herbicide, fungicide in fact caused irrecoverable damage of wetland habitat for freshwater fish and birds at the expense of higher food yield. In this indiscriminate use of agro-chemical and over exploitation of fish stock, especially brood fish by fisher community for their livelihood put the freshwater fish stock at the verge of extinction. A part from the above other human interference in the wetlands has been damaging the fragile ecosystem and to long term sustainability of the wetlands. For instance, in the southwest brackish water coastal plains of Bangladesh farmers used to have a paddy crop only during monsoon season when surface saline layer is depleted due to rainfall and for rest of the months the field is left for grazing. This cultural practice was established for centuries. However, in the last two decades this has been abandoned for more profitable shrimp farming practice. As a result, local ecosystems are threatened because of changed water exchange system, rapid siltation of the channels and continuous inundation of land with saline water. In the haor areas, large-scale settlement was initiated over the last couple of decades from surrounding densely populated regions and since then the resources of the haor basins are being exploited at an increasing rate causing adverse effects. Continuous large-scale exploitation of aquatic vegetation and fruits has caused serious degradation of the quantity and quality of the habitat required for fish and migratory birds of the haor areas. Similarly, embankment constructed for FCDI projects reduce floodplains and obstruct fish movement and migration from rivers as well as beels to the remaining floodplains for feeding and breeding. As a result, many fishermen have lost their livelihood. However, there have been some positive effects of wetland transformation as well. The major impact has been on cropping patterns and intensity. Dependence on local boro has been shifted towards HYV boro. In the FCDI project areas, culture fisheries have replaced the deficit of capture fisheries. The positive impact of development projects in the wetlands relates to improved road transport and communication network. This has led to an enhanced marketing infrastructure and relatively easy access to social and other services. Conversely, the navigation system has been either closed or substantially reduced. As a whole, degradation of wetlands has caused several problems including extinction and reduction of wildlife, extinction of many indigenous wild and domesticated rice varieties, loss of many indigenous aquatic plants, herbs, shrubs and weeds, loss of natural soil nutrients, loss of natural water reservoirs and of their resultant benefits, increase in the occurrence of flooding and degeneration of wetland based ecosystems, occupations, socio-economic institutions and cultures. Plan and Activities to Conserve Wetland: Overt the yeast Bangladesh Ministry of Water resources development, Land, Forest and Environment, and Fisheries and livestock in cooperation with various multilateral agencies ( like Worldbank, ADB), bilateral agencies (like USAID, DANIDA, JICA), intergovernmental agencies, and NGO (both international and national) initiated various institutional reform, plan and program to conserve and manage water resources in an efficient ways. Even though in most cases the focus of those programs were not on conservation of wetland however recently recognizing both the importance of conserving biological resources and the need for new approaches to floodplain, wetlands, and forest conservation and management, USAID/Bangladesh, in conjunction with the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL), is implementing the Management of Aquatic Ecosystems through Community Husbandry (MACH) project to help promote the conservation and sustainable management of critical floodplain and wetland habitats (USAID, 2002). Likewise, DFID in cooperation with the Ministry of Land, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL), is implementing Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM). Apart from these IUCN [at present World Conservation Union] is implementing Wetland and Coastal Biodiversity project which has exclusive focus on haor, and estuarine/marine wetland ecosystem conservation. A part from the above there are relevant laws and acts and ordinance focusing on the conservation of environmentally critical areas, especially on wetlands. For example, Environmental Protection Act 1995, Environmental Conservation Rule 1997, Environmental Conservation Rule 2002 (amended) among other is aimed to protect water reservoir, wetland of ecological significance (Syed, 1998); however their implementation is fur from optimal. Concluding Remarks: Conservation of wetland is very important from various stands points. But the way in most cases conservation initiatives were taken in the past could be at best termed at command and control/top down approach. Which not only failed to get the support from the relevant, especially primary stockholders but also created resentment among them. It was primarily because, in the name of conservation without making alternative provision for their livelihood they conservator basically evicted the people dependent on the wetlands. As a result we saw huge/mass protest against the conservation of few flood plain beels and haors which were really reach in critical state due to over exploitation for fishing and indiscriminate use of chemical inputs for agriculture. Finally it could be said that wetland conservation efforts must be bundled with development scheme which will not only conserve wetlands but also will not undermine the alternative avenues of livelihood for people dependent on wetland in one way or another. References: Syed, A. Sattar . 1998. Introduction to Environmental Laws of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Ace Data Products. BGD/97/017 ââ¬â Empowerment of Coastal Fishing Communities for Livelihood Security, October 1998 (Draft UNDP project document) Chowdhury, S. Q. ,Haq, F. A. T. M. and Hassan , K. 1992. Coastal geomorphology of St. martins Island. Oriental Geographer 36(2): 30-44. Fattah, 1979. Protection of marine environment and related ecosystem of St. Martins Island. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Protection of marine Environment and Related Ecosystems, Dhaka,27-29 November,1979,pp 104-108. Flood Action Plan. Northeast Regional Water Management Project (FAP 6). ââ¬Å"Wetland Resources specialist study (final draft), Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), April 1993. Harvey, W. G. 1992. Birds in Bangladesh. Dhaka: University Press Limited. Hussain, M. G. 1997. ââ¬Å"Stock Improvement and Genetic Resource Conservation of Floodplain Fishes. â⬠In Tsai, Chu-fa and M. Youssouf Ali, Eds. Openwater Fisheries of Bangladesh. Dhaka: The University Press Limited. IUCN (The World Conservation Union). 1989. A Directory of Asian Wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Khan, Salar M. , et. al. , Eds. 1994. Wetlands of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies Nature Conservation Movement. Khan, S. 1998. Genetic Resources. In Bangladesh Environment: Facing the 21st Century. Ed. Philip Gain. Society for Environment and Human Development, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Tsai, Chu-fa and M. Youssouf Ali, Eds. 1997. Openwater Fisheries of Bangladesh. Dhaka: The University Press Limited. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-5423798967988006252019-11-23T07:32:00.001-08:002019-11-23T07:32:04.061-08:00What do Women Writers Want from an EditorWhat do Women Writers Want from an Editor What do Women Writers Want from an Editor? Laurie Garrison, Ph.D.à is the director of Women Writers School, a blog and course provider that works mainly with female authors. She has recently self-published a manifesto for her business, Women Writers in the Twenty-First Century. Previously, she was a university lecturer, an internationally renown critic of Victorian literature and the author of the book,à Science, Sexuality and Sensation Novels: Pleasures of the Senses.The online world is bursting with free advice for writers. Everywhere I look I see articles geared toward helping the writer shape her emails, pitches, proposals, synopses and, above all, her manuscripts into something an agent, editor or publisher wants to see. When the time comes to approach our target reader (whether they're an agent, editor or publisher), we must tread very carefully indeed. We must make no approach until we have completed the necessary research on titles, authors, style and interests (not our own but those of our target reader).When we make that first contact, we must be concise and get straight to the point. Our reader has very little time to spare. We must list our achievements with confidence but not boast too much, lest we irritate our reader before the attachment is even opened. We must choose the perfect comparison titles, but only those that strongly resonate with our intended reader, and we must get this right or a door will slam in our faces. We must be keen but not so keen that we ever chase for a response because, unless successful, a response is just too much to expect.Publishing Advice and Womenââ¬â¢s Experience: Is Change Afoot?This detail-oriented, anxiety-ridden, almost desperate determination to shape oneself into whatever it is the recipient on the other end of the email journey wants is familiar to a lot of women, not just in publishing but in other competitive professional situations as well. The question of whether a woman should mold herself to fit the world around her (what Iââ¬â¢d cal l the 'Lean In' approach) or whether it is the outside world that needs to change (what Iââ¬â¢d call the 'Lean Out' approach) is a subject of much debate in modern feminism. Clearly, the majority of us in publishing are taking the 'Lean In' approach, not least because sometimes we just want to get published and will have to reform the world at another time.However, we are operating at a time where things are changing quickly. I wonder if a changed world, where agents, editors, and publishers cater more to the needs of writers, might not be so far away after all. In recent years, the rise of ebooks, the social web, and self-publishing have turned traditional publishing on its head. Dedicated independent authors can now sell as many books as authors from the Big Five. In the new status quo, it matters much, much more what the audience thinks than what the agent, editor or publisher thinks. "In the new status quo, what readers think matters MUCH more than what agents or publishers do" Add to this that women are experiencing a disproportionate amount of success in self-publishing, and I would very much like to ask, will there be a time where agents, publishers, and editors must cater not just to writers, but to women writers? What would the profession look like if it was shaped to suit the needs of female writers rather than the schedules and budgets of the publishing industry? For the sake of discussion, I propose that it would look very different from the world currently represented on publishing advice websites. That is where a writer is encouraged to mold every detail of herself and her work to fit what a hypothetical agent, editor or publisher is looking for - à whether the idea of that agent, editor or publisher is realistic or not. "What would publishing look like if it was shaped to suit the needs of female writers?" A New Kind of Writer-Editor RelationshipIââ¬â¢m going to propose a more equal relationship between writer and editor. It's a kind of relationship that represents what I think a woman wants from an editor. I canââ¬â¢t speak for all women, but I do speak from experience. Iââ¬â¢m basing my description on many years of teaching mainly female students, supervising the work of postgraduate students (again, mostly female), working as an editor, teaming up with colleagues to act as co-editors and working with commissioning editors, peer reviewers and journal editors on my personal list of publications. Iââ¬â¢m using ââ¬Ëeditorââ¬â¢ as a catch-all to mean anyone who takes part in a developmental editing process, so I think some or all of this could apply to agents, editors, and publishers.I believe there are three qualities to writer-editor relationships that work best for women. There needs to be a sense of shared responsibility for the quality of the work (as opposed to a top-down or competitive atmosphere), lots of personal interaction in the form of frequent communication, and the development of a long-term relationship where trust and familiarity can develop. Hereââ¬â¢s what I think this would look like in practice.1. The process of editing and revising a manuscript would be aà team effortIn my best editing relationships, the editor reads the writerââ¬â¢s work with the intention of making the manuscript better, not with prescriptive solutions but with questions and pointers where the writing has become loose. After all, it should be the writerââ¬â¢s responsibility to come up with the solution. This type of back and forth between editor and writer is especially crucial when complex ideas are involved: spelling them out enough to engage the reader engages while avoiding the pitfall of being too pedantic. In my experience, this kind of collaboration works best through conversations, not email or comments on manuscripts. If there are multip le ways of improving particular portions of a text, a conversation is often the most successful means of working this out. "Editing often works best through conversations, not emails or comments on manuscripts." 2. The editor would be able to judge the right time to empower the writer to take charge of editorial decision-makingEvery manuscript is different, and every subject is different. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for any editing challenge. If the editor is acting as an expert on structure and style, then the writer should be the expert on content and whether or not proposed changes work with the content. I have done developmental editing on manuscripts about subjects as disparate as eighteenth-century phrenology and the US-UK special relationship in James Bond novels. My role as editor in these situations has been to think creatively about how that unique subject would be best presented to an audience, bearing in mind that the final say has to go to the author as the person who knows more about the subject than anyone else.Very often, editorial decisions will depend on subject matter expertise. At these times, pointing out where there are decisions to be made is a better course of action than trying to work out a solution.3. There would be a balance of positive and negative criticismThe process of editing focuses so much on negative criticism (with the best of intentions) that it is easy to forget that a writer also needs to know what works well in a manuscript and which are the stand-out points that should be kept at all costs. There have been times when I have got the distinct feeling that my editor was desperately searching for corrections to make. I mean, for example, lots of unnecessary fiddling with word choice when the edit was supposed to be a big picture view of the manuscript. Sometimes a manuscript doesnââ¬â¢t need much work, but an editor wants to feel like theyââ¬â¢re doing their job. Not just in these situations, but in any editing task, we should seek to fill up at least some of the space with positive criticism because it can be equally helpful for honing technique and developing confidence. "The editing process often focuses too much on negative criticism" #amediting w. @lauriebg_ 4. There would be regular, enjoyable communication between editor and writerI have had a number of editing relationships where I really looked forward to the conversations I would have with my editor or with the writer. But I have had an equal amount where there was no possibility of having any conversation at all and I had to make my best guess at exactly what the editor was asking me to do when the comments were unclear. I just donââ¬â¢t think an editor-writer relationship can be completely successful if there is no possibility for conversations between the editor and writer, at the very least to get clarification on some of the comments. When communication has been at its best in my relationships of this type, discussing the manuscript is more of a brainstorming activity than an exercise of passing information back and forth.5. Both editor and writer would improve their own writing as a result of the writer-editor relationshipIn my best writer-editor relationships, the process of working so closely with another writer results in a transformation in my own writing in future manuscripts as well as the one at hand, regardless of which role Iââ¬â¢m taking. This is what happens when you spend a large amount of time working on someone elseââ¬â¢s writing, which can be a bit of an exercise in being in another personââ¬â¢s head. If you find someone you can work with on this level, hang on to that relationship, but also keep looking for others. Multiple relationships like this can open up all sorts of possibilities for experimenting with new styles and approaches. There are so many different ways a writerââ¬â¢s work can transform over the years of a career, and I think editing relationships have everything to do with this.This is what I think women want from an editor. I would love for this piece to start some discussion. Is this the way you imagine an ideal writer-editor relationship working, either for men or women? Or is there another way that works best for you? Leave me a comment in the box below, and I'll do my best to answer. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-1669529712183809942019-11-21T04:29:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:29:11.746-08:00Analysis of Black Criminal Stereotypes And Racial Profiling Article Research PaperAnalysis of Black Criminal Stereotypes And Racial Profiling Article Authored by Welch - Research Paper Example Welch seeks to address the diverse factors contributing to the criminal stereotyping of Blacks since this perception has, unfortunately, availed a rationale for the sorts for racial profiling employed by law enforcement agencies, as well as other criminal justice institutions (Welch, 2007). Welch uses prior research to explore the theoretical elements employed in the development of Black criminal characterization. The author highlights studies on theoretical elements employed in the development of Black criminal characterization. The prior research assumes a weak correspondence between the broadly embraced stereotypes and criminality (Quillian & Pager, 2001). Questions remain on the guarantee of the accuracy of data collection procedures, and as the information backing the observation may be erroneous. The article on racial profiling can be criticized based on its methods and conclusions. The author does not take into account the conceptual framework employed in the development of Black criminal characterization (Unnever & Gabbidon, 2011). This derives from the fact that different theories may explain racial disparities and problems arise when interpreting findings on racial profiling since the mere presence of disparity within the aggregate statistics does not, itself demonstrate racial bias in the same way that racial disparities within prison populations demonstrate racial bias by sentencing judges (Russell, 2013).à Welch cites empirical studies on Black and crime to demonstrate that Blacks remain mostly depicted in a negative light such as criminally threatening (Welch, 2007). This implies that can be understood as a crime-specific mode of racial prejudice and discrimination. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-47268670944593255152019-11-19T20:23:00.001-08:002019-11-19T20:23:02.763-08:00Comparing and contrasting Booker T. Washington's 'Up from Slavery' EssayComparing and contrasting Booker T. Washington's 'Up from Slavery' story and W.E.B. Du Bois 'The Souls of Black Folk' story - Essay Example Both men wrote extensively, and often from very different viewpoints, regarding the position of the black man in the post-Civil War American society, having a profound impact upon how these individuals were perceived by the greater American public and playing large roles in both establishing educational facilities for black children and in organizing advocacy groups for the black people. As can be seen in his autobiography, Up From Slavery, Washington felt that the best way to help the black man was to train him in ââ¬Ëindustrialââ¬â¢ type jobs while Du Bois, as can be seen in ââ¬Å"Of the Training of Black Menâ⬠in The Souls of Black Folk, felt that the black man could best benefit from the same type of classical education deemed important for white men. Writing his autobiography in 1901, Washington details his rise from the ranks of slavery to the position of a degreed professor even as he highlights the various reasons why he feels an industrial education is the correct course of action for the majority of black men and women. Writing in an easy, flowing style, Washington works to present himself as clearly as possible, making it easy to understand the major events of his life as well as to see where the founding principles of his ideas came from. The concept of including technical education in with ââ¬Ëbook learningââ¬â¢ as he founded Tuskegee was one borrowed from Washingtonââ¬â¢s early educational experiences at the Hampton school, where students were encouraged to increase their academic knowledge while retaining a connection to their rural heritage. It was believed that by doing so, the students would be encouraged to re-invest their education into the communities from which they came, thereby helping to elevate the situation of the entire race. ââ¬Å"We wanted to give them such a practical knowledge of some one industry, together Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-41032724578712617282019-11-17T08:54:00.001-08:002019-11-17T08:54:04.147-08:00Learning Styles Essay Example for Free Learning Styles Essay A learning style is basically the preference or predisposition of an individual to perceive and process information in a particular way or combination of ways. (Lynne Celli Sarasin, 2006) There are eight intelligences and an individual has one or more strengths in one of those intelligences. As we have learned from the readings, there are multiple ways to understand how an individual learns. There are three primary senses that are involved in learning: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Howard Gardner, for example, suggested that some students learn through their bodies (kinesthetic), others through music and rhythms (auditory), and many others through hand-outs and presentations (visual). Students have been learning in many different ways since ancient times. Teachers of Hinduism, Confucianism, Judaism, and Christianity all evaluated their studentsââ¬â¢ personalities, with an eye as to how to best teach them. (John D. Mayer, Ph. D. ) I have examined multiple websites on how Hinduism considers opinions of personality. For example, Hindu thought suggests that the wise person judges others with detachment and peace; as apposed to over-involvement, annoyance, or condescension. (John D. Mayer Ph. D. ) In Hinduism, the role of the yogi, or teacher, are to assist those, who sought enlightenment to learn about their essential atman (real inner self). (John D Mayer, Ph. D. ) Accomplished Hindu teachers distinguish among different types of students so as to provide each student with practices that will best guide him or her on the path to enlightenment. (John D. Mayer, Ph. D. ) As I further read into the article posted by John D. Mayer, he wrote about how there are three different types of students. Their way of learning is completely different from the way we learn here and what we learn about. I could use my primary sensory preference to increase my awareness and practice in Hinduism by watching videos and hearing lectures about their way of learning. (Due to the fact that I am a auditory and kinesthetic learner) Once I watch videos about their way of learning I would become more informed about their way of everyday life and their learning styles. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1660971367629460154.post-19383624579324939832019-11-14T21:25:00.001-08:002019-11-14T21:25:02.668-08:00Analysis of the Jurors in 12 Angry Men :: Twelve Angry Men, Reginald RoseGuilty or not guilty? This the key question during the murder trial of a young man accused of fatally stabbing his father. The play 12 Angry Men, by Reginald Rose, introduces to the audience twelve members of a jury made up of contrasting men from various backgrounds. One of the most critical elements of the play is how the personalities and experiences of these men influence their initial majority vote of guilty. Three of the most influential members include juror #3, juror #10, and juror #11. Their past experiences and personal bias determine their thoughts and opinions on the case. Therefore, how a person feels inside is reflected in his/her thoughts, opinions, and behavior. Juror #3 is very biased against the 19-year-old boy that is being tried, and this affects all of his thoughts and actions regarding the case. He has this bias because his own son hit him in the jaw and ran away from home at the age of 15: ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢ve got a kidâ⬠¦when he was fifteen he hit me in the faceâ⬠¦I havenââ¬â¢t seen him in three years. Rotten kid! I hate tough kids! You work your heart out [but itââ¬â¢s no use] (21).â⬠According to this quote from the text, this juror condemns all teenagers and feels resentment towards them. He especially feels strongly about the boy being tried, because the boy grew up in the slums, and this juror is also biased against these people who grew up there. It is because of these feelings that he is strongly cemented in his vote of guilty. Juror #10, a garage owner, segregates and divides the world stereotypically into ââ¬Ëusââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëthem.ââ¬â¢ ââ¬ËUsââ¬â¢ being people living around the rich or middle-class areas, and ââ¬Ëthemââ¬â¢ being people of a different race, or possessing a contrasting skin color, born and raised in the slums (poorer parts of town). It is because of this that he has a bias against the young man on trial, for the young man was born in the slums and was victim to domestic violence since the age of 5. Also, the boy is of a Hispanic descent and is of a different race than this juror, making him fall under the jurorââ¬â¢s discriminatory description of a criminal. This is proven on when juror #10 rants: ââ¬Å"They donââ¬â¢t need any real big reason to kill someone, either. You know, they get drunk, and bang, someoneââ¬â¢s lying in the gutterâ⬠¦ most of them, itââ¬â¢s like they have no feelings (59). Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10812096627342927587noreply@blogger.com0